Measurement of the cosmic ray composition at the knee with the SPASE-2/AMANDA-B10 detectors

J. Ahrens; M. Ackermann; E. Andres; X. Bai; S. W. Barwick; R. C. Bay; T. Becka; K. H. Becker; E. Bernardini; D. Bertrand; F. Binon; A. Biron; D. J. Boersma; S. Böser; O. Botner; A. Bouchta; O. Bouhali; T. Burgess; S. Carius; T. Castermans; D. Chirkin; J. Conrad; J. Cooley; D. F. Cowen; A. Davour; C. de Clercq; T. DeYoung; P. Desiati; J. P. Dewulf; E. Dickinson; P. Ekström; R. Engel; P. Evenson; T. Feser; T. K. Gaisser; R. Ganugapati; M. Gaug; H. Geenen; L. Gerhardt; A. Goldschmidt; A. Hallgren; F. Halzen; K. Hanson; R. Hardtke; T. Hauschildt; M. Hellwig; P. Herquet; G. C. Hill; J. A. Hinton; D. Hubert; B. Hughey; P. O. Hulth; K. Hultqvist; S. Hundertmark; J. Jacobsen; A. Karle; J. Kim; L. Köpke; M. Kowalski; K. Kuehn; J. I. Lamoureux; H. Leich; M. Leuthold; P. Lindahl; I. Liubarsky; J. Lloyd-Evans; J. Madsen; K. Mandli; P. Marciniewski; H. S. Matis; C. P. McParland; T. Messarius; T. C. Miller; Y. Minaeva; P. Miočinović; P. C. Mock; R. Morse; R. Nahnhauer; T. Neunhöffer; P. Niessen; D. R. Nygren; H. Ögelman; P. Olbrechts; C. Pérez de los Heros; A. C. Pohl; R. Porrata; P. B. Price; G. T. Przybylski; K. Rawlins; E. Resconi; W. Rhode; M. Ribordy; S. Richter; K. Rochester; J. Rodríguez Martino; D. Ross; H. G. Sander; T. Schmidt; K. Schinarakis; S. Schlenstedt; D. Schneider; R. Schwarz; A. Silvestri; M. Solarz; G. M. Spiczak; C. Spiering; M. Stamatikos; T. Stanev; D. Steele; P. Steffen; R. G. Stokstad; K. H. Sulanke; I. Taboada; S. Tilav; C. Walck; W. Wagner; Y. R. Wang; A. A. Watson; C. H. Wiebusch; C. Wiedemann; R. Wischnewski; H. Wissing; K. Woschnagg; W. Wu; G. Yodh; S. Young

doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007

Measurement of the cosmic ray composition at the knee with the SPASE-2/AMANDA-B10 detectors

J. Ahrens, M. Ackermann, E. Andres, X. Bai, S. W. Barwick, R. C. Bay, T. Becka, K. H. Becker, E. Bernardini, D. Bertrand, F. Binon, A. Biron, D. J. Boersma, S. Böser, O. Botner, A. Bouchta, O. Bouhali, T. Burgess, S. Carius, T. CastermansD. Chirkin, J. Conrad, J. Cooley, D. F. Cowen, A. Davour, C. de Clercq, T. DeYoung, P. Desiati, J. P. Dewulf, E. Dickinson, P. Ekström, R. Engel, P. Evenson, T. Feser, T. K. Gaisser, R. Ganugapati, M. Gaug, H. Geenen, L. Gerhardt, A. Goldschmidt, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, K. Hanson, R. Hardtke, T. Hauschildt, M. Hellwig, P. Herquet, G. C. Hill, J. A. Hinton, D. Hubert, B. Hughey, P. O. Hulth, K. Hultqvist, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, A. Karle, J. Kim, L. Köpke, M. Kowalski, K. Kuehn, J. I. Lamoureux, H. Leich, M. Leuthold, P. Lindahl, I. Liubarsky, J. Lloyd-Evans, J. Madsen, K. Mandli, P. Marciniewski, H. S. Matis, C. P. McParland, T. Messarius, T. C. Miller, Y. Minaeva, P. Miočinović, P. C. Mock, R. Morse, R. Nahnhauer, T. Neunhöffer, P. Niessen, D. R. Nygren, H. Ögelman, P. Olbrechts, C. Pérez de los Heros, A. C. Pohl, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, G. T. Przybylski, K. Rawlins, E. Resconi, W. Rhode, M. Ribordy, S. Richter, K. Rochester, J. Rodríguez Martino, D. Ross, H. G. Sander, T. Schmidt, K. Schinarakis, S. Schlenstedt, D. Schneider, R. Schwarz, A. Silvestri, M. Solarz, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, D. Steele, P. Steffen, R. G. Stokstad, K. H. Sulanke, I. Taboada, S. Tilav, C. Walck, W. Wagner, Y. R. Wang, A. A. Watson, C. H. Wiebusch, C. Wiedemann, R. Wischnewski, H. Wissing, K. Woschnagg, W. Wu, G. Yodh, S. Young

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Abstract

The mass composition of high-energy cosmic rays at energies above 10¹⁵ eV can provide crucial information for the understanding of their origin. Air showers were measured simultaneously with the SPASE-2 air shower array and the AMANDA-B10 Cherenkov telescope at the South Pole. This combination has the advantage to sample almost all high-energy shower muons and is thus a new approach to the determination of the cosmic ray composition. The change in the cosmic ray mass composition was measured versus existing data from direct measurements at low energies. Our data show an increase of the mean log atomic mass 〈lnA〉 by about 0.8 between 500 TeV and 5 PeV. This trend of an increasing mass through the "knee" region is robust against a variety of systematic effects.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	565-581
Number of pages	17
Journal	Astroparticle Physics
Volume	21
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007
State	Published - Sep 2004

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Astronomy and Astrophysics

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10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007

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Ahrens, J., Ackermann, M., Andres, E., Bai, X., Barwick, S. W., Bay, R. C., Becka, T., Becker, K. H., Bernardini, E., Bertrand, D., Binon, F., Biron, A., Boersma, D. J., Böser, S., Botner, O., Bouchta, A., Bouhali, O., Burgess, T., Carius, S., ... Young, S. (2004). Measurement of the cosmic ray composition at the knee with the SPASE-2/AMANDA-B10 detectors. Astroparticle Physics, 21(6), 565-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007

@article{c9ad46d36e5440dbbeb8060ed2282255,

title = "Measurement of the cosmic ray composition at the knee with the SPASE-2/AMANDA-B10 detectors",

abstract = "The mass composition of high-energy cosmic rays at energies above 1015 eV can provide crucial information for the understanding of their origin. Air showers were measured simultaneously with the SPASE-2 air shower array and the AMANDA-B10 Cherenkov telescope at the South Pole. This combination has the advantage to sample almost all high-energy shower muons and is thus a new approach to the determination of the cosmic ray composition. The change in the cosmic ray mass composition was measured versus existing data from direct measurements at low energies. Our data show an increase of the mean log atomic mass 〈lnA〉 by about 0.8 between 500 TeV and 5 PeV. This trend of an increasing mass through the {"}knee{"} region is robust against a variety of systematic effects.",

author = "J. Ahrens and M. Ackermann and E. Andres and X. Bai and Barwick, {S. W.} and Bay, {R. C.} and T. Becka and Becker, {K. H.} and E. Bernardini and D. Bertrand and F. Binon and A. Biron and Boersma, {D. J.} and S. B{\"o}ser and O. Botner and A. Bouchta and O. Bouhali and T. Burgess and S. Carius and T. Castermans and D. Chirkin and J. Conrad and J. Cooley and Cowen, {D. F.} and A. Davour and {de Clercq}, C. and T. DeYoung and P. Desiati and Dewulf, {J. P.} and E. Dickinson and P. Ekstr{\"o}m and R. Engel and P. Evenson and T. Feser and Gaisser, {T. K.} and R. Ganugapati and M. Gaug and H. Geenen and L. Gerhardt and A. Goldschmidt and A. Hallgren and F. Halzen and K. Hanson and R. Hardtke and T. Hauschildt and M. Hellwig and P. Herquet and Hill, {G. C.} and Hinton, {J. A.} and D. Hubert and B. Hughey and Hulth, {P. O.} and K. Hultqvist and S. Hundertmark and J. Jacobsen and A. Karle and J. Kim and L. K{\"o}pke and M. Kowalski and K. Kuehn and Lamoureux, {J. I.} and H. Leich and M. Leuthold and P. Lindahl and I. Liubarsky and J. Lloyd-Evans and J. Madsen and K. Mandli and P. Marciniewski and Matis, {H. S.} and McParland, {C. P.} and T. Messarius and Miller, {T. C.} and Y. Minaeva and P. Mio{\v c}inovi{\'c} and Mock, {P. C.} and R. Morse and R. Nahnhauer and T. Neunh{\"o}ffer and P. Niessen and Nygren, {D. R.} and H. {\"O}gelman and P. Olbrechts and {P{\'e}rez de los Heros}, C. and Pohl, {A. C.} and R. Porrata and Price, {P. B.} and Przybylski, {G. T.} and K. Rawlins and E. Resconi and W. Rhode and M. Ribordy and S. Richter and K. Rochester and {Rodr{\'i}guez Martino}, J. and D. Ross and Sander, {H. G.} and T. Schmidt and K. Schinarakis and S. Schlenstedt and D. Schneider and R. Schwarz and A. Silvestri and M. Solarz and Spiczak, {G. M.} and C. Spiering and M. Stamatikos and T. Stanev and D. Steele and P. Steffen and Stokstad, {R. G.} and Sulanke, {K. H.} and I. Taboada and S. Tilav and C. Walck and W. Wagner and Wang, {Y. R.} and Watson, {A. A.} and Wiebusch, {C. H.} and C. Wiedemann and R. Wischnewski and H. Wissing and K. Woschnagg and W. Wu and G. Yodh and S. Young",

note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by the following agencies: National Science Foundation: Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation-Physics Division, University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Department of Energy, and National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (supported by the Office of Energy Research of the Department of Energy), UC-Irvine AENEAS Supercomputer Facility, USA; Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft (DFG), Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), and Belgian Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural affairs (OSTC), Belgium; Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, UK; D.F.C. acknowledges the support of the NSF CAREER program.",

year = "2004",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "21",

pages = "565--581",

journal = "Astroparticle Physics",

issn = "0927-6505",

publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",

number = "6",

}

Ahrens, J, Ackermann, M, Andres, E, Bai, X, Barwick, SW, Bay, RC, Becka, T, Becker, KH, Bernardini, E, Bertrand, D, Binon, F, Biron, A, Boersma, DJ, Böser, S, Botner, O, Bouchta, A, Bouhali, O, Burgess, T, Carius, S, Castermans, T, Chirkin, D, Conrad, J, Cooley, J, Cowen, DF, Davour, A, de Clercq, C, DeYoung, T, Desiati, P, Dewulf, JP, Dickinson, E, Ekström, P, Engel, R, Evenson, P, Feser, T, Gaisser, TK, Ganugapati, R, Gaug, M, Geenen, H, Gerhardt, L, Goldschmidt, A, Hallgren, A, Halzen, F, Hanson, K, Hardtke, R, Hauschildt, T, Hellwig, M, Herquet, P, Hill, GC, Hinton, JA, Hubert, D, Hughey, B, Hulth, PO, Hultqvist, K, Hundertmark, S, Jacobsen, J, Karle, A, Kim, J, Köpke, L, Kowalski, M, Kuehn, K, Lamoureux, JI, Leich, H, Leuthold, M, Lindahl, P, Liubarsky, I, Lloyd-Evans, J, Madsen, J, Mandli, K, Marciniewski, P, Matis, HS, McParland, CP, Messarius, T, Miller, TC, Minaeva, Y, Miočinović, P, Mock, PC, Morse, R, Nahnhauer, R, Neunhöffer, T, Niessen, P, Nygren, DR, Ögelman, H, Olbrechts, P, Pérez de los Heros, C, Pohl, AC, Porrata, R, Price, PB, Przybylski, GT, Rawlins, K, Resconi, E, Rhode, W, Ribordy, M, Richter, S, Rochester, K, Rodríguez Martino, J, Ross, D, Sander, HG, Schmidt, T, Schinarakis, K, Schlenstedt, S, Schneider, D, Schwarz, R, Silvestri, A, Solarz, M, Spiczak, GM, Spiering, C, Stamatikos, M, Stanev, T, Steele, D, Steffen, P, Stokstad, RG, Sulanke, KH, Taboada, I, Tilav, S, Walck, C, Wagner, W, Wang, YR, Watson, AA, Wiebusch, CH, Wiedemann, C, Wischnewski, R, Wissing, H, Woschnagg, K, Wu, W, Yodh, G & Young, S 2004, 'Measurement of the cosmic ray composition at the knee with the SPASE-2/AMANDA-B10 detectors', Astroparticle Physics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 565-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007

TY - JOUR

T1 - Measurement of the cosmic ray composition at the knee with the SPASE-2/AMANDA-B10 detectors

AU - Ahrens, J.

AU - Ackermann, M.

AU - Andres, E.

AU - Bai, X.

AU - Barwick, S. W.

AU - Bay, R. C.

AU - Becka, T.

AU - Becker, K. H.

AU - Bernardini, E.

AU - Bertrand, D.

AU - Binon, F.

AU - Biron, A.

AU - Boersma, D. J.

AU - Böser, S.

AU - Botner, O.

AU - Bouchta, A.

AU - Bouhali, O.

AU - Burgess, T.

AU - Carius, S.

AU - Castermans, T.

AU - Chirkin, D.

AU - Conrad, J.

AU - Cooley, J.

AU - Cowen, D. F.

AU - Davour, A.

AU - de Clercq, C.

AU - DeYoung, T.

AU - Desiati, P.

AU - Dewulf, J. P.

AU - Dickinson, E.

AU - Ekström, P.

AU - Engel, R.

AU - Evenson, P.

AU - Feser, T.

AU - Gaisser, T. K.

AU - Ganugapati, R.

AU - Gaug, M.

AU - Geenen, H.

AU - Gerhardt, L.

AU - Goldschmidt, A.

AU - Hallgren, A.

AU - Halzen, F.

AU - Hanson, K.

AU - Hardtke, R.

AU - Hauschildt, T.

AU - Hellwig, M.

AU - Herquet, P.

AU - Hill, G. C.

AU - Hinton, J. A.

AU - Hubert, D.

AU - Hughey, B.

AU - Hulth, P. O.

AU - Hultqvist, K.

AU - Hundertmark, S.

AU - Jacobsen, J.

AU - Karle, A.

AU - Kim, J.

AU - Köpke, L.

AU - Kowalski, M.

AU - Kuehn, K.

AU - Lamoureux, J. I.

AU - Leich, H.

AU - Leuthold, M.

AU - Lindahl, P.

AU - Liubarsky, I.

AU - Lloyd-Evans, J.

AU - Madsen, J.

AU - Mandli, K.

AU - Marciniewski, P.

AU - Matis, H. S.

AU - McParland, C. P.

AU - Messarius, T.

AU - Miller, T. C.

AU - Minaeva, Y.

AU - Miočinović, P.

AU - Mock, P. C.

AU - Morse, R.

AU - Nahnhauer, R.

AU - Neunhöffer, T.

AU - Niessen, P.

AU - Nygren, D. R.

AU - Ögelman, H.

AU - Olbrechts, P.

AU - Pérez de los Heros, C.

AU - Pohl, A. C.

AU - Porrata, R.

AU - Price, P. B.

AU - Przybylski, G. T.

AU - Rawlins, K.

AU - Resconi, E.

AU - Rhode, W.

AU - Ribordy, M.

AU - Richter, S.

AU - Rochester, K.

AU - Rodríguez Martino, J.

AU - Ross, D.

AU - Sander, H. G.

AU - Schmidt, T.

AU - Schinarakis, K.

AU - Schlenstedt, S.

AU - Schneider, D.

AU - Schwarz, R.

AU - Silvestri, A.

AU - Solarz, M.

AU - Spiczak, G. M.

AU - Spiering, C.

AU - Stamatikos, M.

AU - Stanev, T.

AU - Steele, D.

AU - Steffen, P.

AU - Stokstad, R. G.

AU - Sulanke, K. H.

AU - Taboada, I.

AU - Tilav, S.

AU - Walck, C.

AU - Wagner, W.

AU - Wang, Y. R.

AU - Watson, A. A.

AU - Wiebusch, C. H.

AU - Wiedemann, C.

AU - Wischnewski, R.

AU - Wissing, H.

AU - Woschnagg, K.

AU - Wu, W.

AU - Yodh, G.

AU - Young, S.

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by the following agencies: National Science Foundation: Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation-Physics Division, University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Department of Energy, and National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (supported by the Office of Energy Research of the Department of Energy), UC-Irvine AENEAS Supercomputer Facility, USA; Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research, Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft (DFG), Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), and Belgian Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural affairs (OSTC), Belgium; Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, UK; D.F.C. acknowledges the support of the NSF CAREER program.

PY - 2004/9

Y1 - 2004/9

N2 - The mass composition of high-energy cosmic rays at energies above 1015 eV can provide crucial information for the understanding of their origin. Air showers were measured simultaneously with the SPASE-2 air shower array and the AMANDA-B10 Cherenkov telescope at the South Pole. This combination has the advantage to sample almost all high-energy shower muons and is thus a new approach to the determination of the cosmic ray composition. The change in the cosmic ray mass composition was measured versus existing data from direct measurements at low energies. Our data show an increase of the mean log atomic mass 〈lnA〉 by about 0.8 between 500 TeV and 5 PeV. This trend of an increasing mass through the "knee" region is robust against a variety of systematic effects.

AB - The mass composition of high-energy cosmic rays at energies above 1015 eV can provide crucial information for the understanding of their origin. Air showers were measured simultaneously with the SPASE-2 air shower array and the AMANDA-B10 Cherenkov telescope at the South Pole. This combination has the advantage to sample almost all high-energy shower muons and is thus a new approach to the determination of the cosmic ray composition. The change in the cosmic ray mass composition was measured versus existing data from direct measurements at low energies. Our data show an increase of the mean log atomic mass 〈lnA〉 by about 0.8 between 500 TeV and 5 PeV. This trend of an increasing mass through the "knee" region is robust against a variety of systematic effects.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=4544328882&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=4544328882&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007

DO - 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.007

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:4544328882

SN - 0927-6505

VL - 21

SP - 565

EP - 581

JO - Astroparticle Physics

JF - Astroparticle Physics

IS - 6

ER -

Measurement of the cosmic ray composition at the knee with the SPASE-2/AMANDA-B10 detectors

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