TY - GEN
T1 - Measurement of the sodium concentration in CIGS solar cells via laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
AU - Kowalczyk, Jeremy M.D.
AU - Perkins, Jeffrey
AU - Kaneshiro, Jess
AU - Gaillard, Nicolas
AU - Chang, Yuancheng
AU - DeAngelis, Alexander
AU - Mallory, Stewart A.
AU - Bates, David
AU - Miller, Eric
PY - 2010
Y1 - 2010
N2 - The control of sodium in CIGS solar cells is critical to achieve high efficiency devices, but to date composition measurement techniques either cannot detect the subone atomic percent levels (for example, x-ray fluorescence (XRF)) or are expensive, time consuming, and destructive (examples include SIMS, XPS/ESCA). We employed an inexpensive, fast, and minimally destructive method to measure the concentration of sodium in CIGS solar cells fabricated at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI). Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine the relative concentration of sodium. Two different analysis methods of the LIBS data were explored: the first assumes local thermal equilibrium (LTE) of the plasma and is calibration-free while the second employs comparison of relative peak heights after calibration to determine the concentration. Analysis is presented for solar cells produced on thin titanium foils where sodium fluoride is included in the deposition process to incorporate sodium into the CIGS layer.
AB - The control of sodium in CIGS solar cells is critical to achieve high efficiency devices, but to date composition measurement techniques either cannot detect the subone atomic percent levels (for example, x-ray fluorescence (XRF)) or are expensive, time consuming, and destructive (examples include SIMS, XPS/ESCA). We employed an inexpensive, fast, and minimally destructive method to measure the concentration of sodium in CIGS solar cells fabricated at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI). Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to determine the relative concentration of sodium. Two different analysis methods of the LIBS data were explored: the first assumes local thermal equilibrium (LTE) of the plasma and is calibration-free while the second employs comparison of relative peak heights after calibration to determine the concentration. Analysis is presented for solar cells produced on thin titanium foils where sodium fluoride is included in the deposition process to incorporate sodium into the CIGS layer.
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U2 - 10.1109/PVSC.2010.5615854
DO - 10.1109/PVSC.2010.5615854
M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:78650148542
SN - 9781424458912
T3 - Conference Record of the IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference
SP - 1742
EP - 1744
BT - Program - 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, PVSC 2010
T2 - 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, PVSC 2010
Y2 - 20 June 2010 through 25 June 2010
ER -