TY - JOUR
T1 - Metabolic syndrome burden in apparently healthy adolescents is adversely associated with cardiac autonomic modulation - Penn State Children Cohort
AU - Rodríguez-Colón, Sol M.
AU - He, Fan
AU - Bixler, Edward O.
AU - Fernandez-Mendoza, Julio
AU - Vgontzas, Alexandros N.
AU - Calhoun, Susan
AU - Zheng, Zhi Jie
AU - Liao, Duanping
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully acknowledge the adolescents and their parents who participated in this study. This project was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants: 1 R01 HL 097165 , R01 HL63772 , R21HL087858 , and the Penn State CTSI Grant UL Tr000127 . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PY - 2015/5/1
Y1 - 2015/5/1
N2 - Background Reduced cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults. However, the association between MetS component cluster and CAM has not been examined in adolescents. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Penn State Child Cohort follow-up examination. CAM was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of 39-h RR intervals, including frequency (high frequency, HF; low frequency, LF; and LF/HF ratio) and time (SDNN, standard deviation of all RR intervals; RMSSD, square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals; and HR, heart rate) domain variables. To assess the MetS burden, we used continuous MetS score (cMetS) - sum of the age and sex-adjusted standardized residual (Z-score) of five established MetS components. Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the association between cMetS and CAM in the entire population and stratified by gender. Results After adjusting for age, sex, and race, cMetS was significantly associated with reduced HRV and higher HR. With 1 standard deviation increase in cMetS, there was a significant decrease in HF (- 0.10 (SE = 0.02)), LF (- 0.07 (SE = 0.01)), SDNN (- 1.97 (SE = 0.50)), and RMSSD (- 1.70 (SE = 0.72)), and increase in LF/HF (0.08 (SE = 0.02)) and HR (1.40 (SE = 0.26)). All cMetS components, with the exception of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), were associated with significantly decreased HRV and increased HR. High blood pressure (MAP) and triglyceride (TG) levels were also associated with an increase in LF/HF and decrease in RMSSD. An increase in high-density lipoprotein was only associated with higher LF and SDNN. Moreover, cMetS and HRV associations were more pronounced in males than in females. The associations between HRV and. MAP, TG, and HDL were more pronounced in females. Conclusions cMetS score is associated with lower HRV, suggesting an adverse impact on CAM, even in apparently healthy adolescents.
AB - Background Reduced cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults. However, the association between MetS component cluster and CAM has not been examined in adolescents. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the Penn State Child Cohort follow-up examination. CAM was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis of 39-h RR intervals, including frequency (high frequency, HF; low frequency, LF; and LF/HF ratio) and time (SDNN, standard deviation of all RR intervals; RMSSD, square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent RR intervals; and HR, heart rate) domain variables. To assess the MetS burden, we used continuous MetS score (cMetS) - sum of the age and sex-adjusted standardized residual (Z-score) of five established MetS components. Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyze the association between cMetS and CAM in the entire population and stratified by gender. Results After adjusting for age, sex, and race, cMetS was significantly associated with reduced HRV and higher HR. With 1 standard deviation increase in cMetS, there was a significant decrease in HF (- 0.10 (SE = 0.02)), LF (- 0.07 (SE = 0.01)), SDNN (- 1.97 (SE = 0.50)), and RMSSD (- 1.70 (SE = 0.72)), and increase in LF/HF (0.08 (SE = 0.02)) and HR (1.40 (SE = 0.26)). All cMetS components, with the exception of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), were associated with significantly decreased HRV and increased HR. High blood pressure (MAP) and triglyceride (TG) levels were also associated with an increase in LF/HF and decrease in RMSSD. An increase in high-density lipoprotein was only associated with higher LF and SDNN. Moreover, cMetS and HRV associations were more pronounced in males than in females. The associations between HRV and. MAP, TG, and HDL were more pronounced in females. Conclusions cMetS score is associated with lower HRV, suggesting an adverse impact on CAM, even in apparently healthy adolescents.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.018
DO - 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.01.018
M3 - Article
C2 - 25684658
AN - SCOPUS:84925361812
SN - 0026-0495
VL - 64
SP - 626
EP - 632
JO - Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
JF - Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
IS - 5
ER -
