Molecular targets of functional foods and bioactive compounds in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and colon cancer

Research from several sources provides strong evidence that type 2 diabetes promotes colon carcinogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates that fruits, vegetables, spices and certain dietary bloactive compounds may protect against type 2 diabetes andlor type 2 diabetes-promoted colon cancer. However, many of these studies are "observational" and conducted using cell culture systems and/or animals. Thus, future prevention studies must utilize the latest advances In molecular biology and genetics to address "cause- andeffect" relationships, and more human studies are needed in this area of research. Also, it is critical to direct more resources to prevention strategies that incorporate effective dietary interventions for susceptible populations as there is no cure yet available for type 2 diabetes and/or colon cancer. This review provides information on the IGF and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, which are implicated in type 2 diabetes-promoted colon cancer, and dietary agents that may modulate important mediators in these pathways.