TY - JOUR
T1 - Multilevel Modeling in Classical Twin and Modern Molecular Behavior Genetics
AU - Hunter, Michael D.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2021/5
Y1 - 2021/5
N2 - For more than a decade, it has been known that many common behavior genetics models for a single phenotype can be estimated as multilevel models (e.g., van den Oord 2001; Guo and Wang 2002; McArdle and Prescott 2005; Rabe-Hesketh et al. 2007). This paper extends the current knowledge to (1) multiple phenotypes such that the method is completely general to the variance structure hypothesized, and (2) both higher and lower levels of nesting. The multi-phenotype method also allows extended relationships to be considered (see also, Bard et al. 2012; Hadfield and Nakagawa 2010). The extended relationship model can then be continuously expanded to merge with the case typically seen in the molecular genetics analyses of unrelated individuals (e.g., Yang et al. 2011). We use the multilevel form of behavior genetics models to fit a multivariate three level model that allows for (1) child level variation from unique environments and additive genetics, (2) family level variation from additive genetics and common environments, and (3) neighborhood level variation from broader geographic contexts. Finally, we provide R (R Development Core Team 2020) functions and code for multilevel specification of several common behavior genetics models using OpenMx (Neale et al. 2016).
AB - For more than a decade, it has been known that many common behavior genetics models for a single phenotype can be estimated as multilevel models (e.g., van den Oord 2001; Guo and Wang 2002; McArdle and Prescott 2005; Rabe-Hesketh et al. 2007). This paper extends the current knowledge to (1) multiple phenotypes such that the method is completely general to the variance structure hypothesized, and (2) both higher and lower levels of nesting. The multi-phenotype method also allows extended relationships to be considered (see also, Bard et al. 2012; Hadfield and Nakagawa 2010). The extended relationship model can then be continuously expanded to merge with the case typically seen in the molecular genetics analyses of unrelated individuals (e.g., Yang et al. 2011). We use the multilevel form of behavior genetics models to fit a multivariate three level model that allows for (1) child level variation from unique environments and additive genetics, (2) family level variation from additive genetics and common environments, and (3) neighborhood level variation from broader geographic contexts. Finally, we provide R (R Development Core Team 2020) functions and code for multilevel specification of several common behavior genetics models using OpenMx (Neale et al. 2016).
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85101269886&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85101269886&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s10519-021-10045-z
DO - 10.1007/s10519-021-10045-z
M3 - Article
C2 - 33609197
AN - SCOPUS:85101269886
SN - 0001-8244
VL - 51
SP - 301
EP - 318
JO - Behavior Genetics
JF - Behavior Genetics
IS - 3
ER -