Niobium-Doped (001)-Dominated Anatase TiO₂ Nanosheets as Photoelectrode for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

TiO₂ nanocrystals with different reactive facets have attracted extensive interest since they were first synthesized. The anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals with (001) or (100) dominate facets were considered to be excellent electrode materials to enhance the cell performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. However, which reactive facet presents the best surface for benefiting photovoltaic effect is still unknown. We report a systematic study of various anatase TiO₂ surfaces interacting with N719 dye by means of density functional theory calculations in combination with microscopic techniques. The (001) surface interacting with N719 would have the lowest work function, leading to the best photovoltaic performances. To further increase the efficiency, Nb dopant was incorporated into the anatase TiO₂ nanocrystals. Based on the theoretical prediction, we proposed and demonstrated novel Nb-doped (001)-dominated anatase TiO₂ nanosheets as photoelectrode in a dye-sensitized solar cell to further enhance the open-circuit voltage. And a power conversion efficiency of 10% was achieved, which was 22% higher than that of the undoped device (P25 as an electrode).