Noise in nanopore sensors: Sources, models, reduction, and benchmarking

Label-free nanopore sensors have emerged as a new generation technology of DNA sequencing and have been widely used for single molecule analysis. Since the first α-hemolysin biological nanopore, various types of nanopores made of different materials have been under extensive development. Noise represents a common challenge among all types of nanopore sensors. The nanopore noise can be decomposed into four components in the frequency domain (1/f noise, white noise, dielectric noise, and amplifier noise). In this work, we reviewed andsummarizedthephysicalmodels, origins, andreductionmethodsforeachofthesenoisecomponents.Forthe first time, we quantitatively benchmarked the root mean square (RMS) noise levels for different types of nanopores, demonstrating a clear material-dependent RMS noise. We anticipate this review article will enhance theunderstandingofnanoporesensor noisesandprovideaninformativetutorialfordeveloping futurenanopore sensors with a high signal-to-noise ratio.