Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f

Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy; Teruyuki Hirano; Gumundur Stefánsson; Joe P. Ninan; Suvrath Mahadevan; Eric Gaidos; Ravi Kopparapu; Bunei Sato; Yasunori Hori; Chad F. Bender; Caleb I. Cañas; Scott A. Diddams; Samuel Halverson; Hiroki Harakawa; Suzanne Hawley; Fred Hearty; Leslie Hebb; Klaus Hodapp; Shane Jacobson; Shubham Kanodia; Mihoko Konishi; Takayuki Kotani; Adam Kowalski; Tomoyuki Kudo; Takashi Kurokawa; Masayuki Kuzuhara; Andrea Lin; Marissa Maney; Andrew J. Metcalf; Brett Morris; Jun Nishikawa; Masashi Omiya; Paul Robertson; Arpita Roy; Christian Schwab; Takuma Serizawa; Motohide Tamura; Akitoshi Ueda; Sébastien Vievard; John Wisniewski

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57

Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f

Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy, Teruyuki Hirano, Gumundur Stefánsson, Joe P. Ninan, Suvrath Mahadevan, Eric Gaidos, Ravi Kopparapu, Bunei Sato, Yasunori Hori, Chad F. Bender, Caleb I. Cañas, Scott A. Diddams, Samuel Halverson, Hiroki Harakawa, Suzanne Hawley, Fred Hearty, Leslie Hebb, Klaus Hodapp, Shane Jacobson, Shubham KanodiaMihoko Konishi, Takayuki Kotani, Adam Kowalski, Tomoyuki Kudo, Takashi Kurokawa, Masayuki Kuzuhara, Andrea Lin, Marissa Maney, Andrew J. Metcalf, Brett Morris, Jun Nishikawa, Masashi Omiya, Paul Robertson, Arpita Roy, Christian Schwab, Takuma Serizawa, Motohide Tamura, Akitoshi Ueda, Sébastien Vievard, John Wisniewski

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Abstract

We obtained high-resolution spectra of the ultracool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 during the transit of its planet "b"using two high-dispersion near-infrared spectrographs, the Infrared Doppler (IRD) instrument on the Subaru 8.2m telescope, and the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) instrument on the 10 m Hobby-Eberly Telescope. These spectroscopic observations are complemented by a photometric transit observation for planet "b"using the APO/ARCTIC, which assisted us in capturing the correct transit times for our transit spectroscopy. Using the data obtained by the new IRD and HPF observations, as well as the prior transit observations of planets "b,""e"and "f"from IRD, we attempt to constrain the atmospheric escape of the planet using the He i triplet 10830 Å absorption line. We do not detect evidence for any primordial extended H-He atmospheres in all three planets. To limit any planet-related absorption, we place an upper limit on the equivalent widths of <7.754 mÅ for planet "b,"<10.458 mÅ for planet "e,"<4.143 mÅ for planet "f"at 95% confidence from the IRD data, and <3.467 mÅ for planet "b"at 95% confidence from HPF data. Using these limits along with a solar-like composition isothermal Parker wind model, we attempt to constrain the mass-loss rates for the three planets. For TRAPPIST-1b, our models exclude the highest possible energy-limited rate for a wind temperature <5000 K. This nondetection of extended atmospheres with low mean-molecular weights in all three planets aids in further constraining their atmospheric composition by steering the focus toward the search of high-molecular-weight species in their atmospheres.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	82
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	162
Issue number	3
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57
State	Published - Sep 2021

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57

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Krishnamurthy, V., Hirano, T., Stefánsson, G., Ninan, J. P., Mahadevan, S., Gaidos, E., Kopparapu, R., Sato, B., Hori, Y., Bender, C. F., Cañas, C. I., Diddams, S. A., Halverson, S., Harakawa, H., Hawley, S., Hearty, F., Hebb, L., Hodapp, K., Jacobson, S., ... Wisniewski, J. (2021). Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f. Astronomical Journal, 162(3), Article 82. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57

@article{303fc4da6805490c804d622e5a1ff833,

title = "Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f",

abstract = "We obtained high-resolution spectra of the ultracool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 during the transit of its planet {"}b{"}using two high-dispersion near-infrared spectrographs, the Infrared Doppler (IRD) instrument on the Subaru 8.2m telescope, and the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) instrument on the 10 m Hobby-Eberly Telescope. These spectroscopic observations are complemented by a photometric transit observation for planet {"}b{"}using the APO/ARCTIC, which assisted us in capturing the correct transit times for our transit spectroscopy. Using the data obtained by the new IRD and HPF observations, as well as the prior transit observations of planets {"}b,{"}{"}e{"}and {"}f{"}from IRD, we attempt to constrain the atmospheric escape of the planet using the He i triplet 10830 {\AA} absorption line. We do not detect evidence for any primordial extended H-He atmospheres in all three planets. To limit any planet-related absorption, we place an upper limit on the equivalent widths of <7.754 m{\AA} for planet {"}b,{"}<10.458 m{\AA} for planet {"}e,{"}<4.143 m{\AA} for planet {"}f{"}at 95% confidence from the IRD data, and <3.467 m{\AA} for planet {"}b{"}at 95% confidence from HPF data. Using these limits along with a solar-like composition isothermal Parker wind model, we attempt to constrain the mass-loss rates for the three planets. For TRAPPIST-1b, our models exclude the highest possible energy-limited rate for a wind temperature <5000 K. This nondetection of extended atmospheres with low mean-molecular weights in all three planets aids in further constraining their atmospheric composition by steering the focus toward the search of high-molecular-weight species in their atmospheres.",

author = "Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy and Teruyuki Hirano and Gumundur Stef{\'a}nsson and Ninan, {Joe P.} and Suvrath Mahadevan and Eric Gaidos and Ravi Kopparapu and Bunei Sato and Yasunori Hori and Bender, {Chad F.} and Ca{\~n}as, {Caleb I.} and Diddams, {Scott A.} and Samuel Halverson and Hiroki Harakawa and Suzanne Hawley and Fred Hearty and Leslie Hebb and Klaus Hodapp and Shane Jacobson and Shubham Kanodia and Mihoko Konishi and Takayuki Kotani and Adam Kowalski and Tomoyuki Kudo and Takashi Kurokawa and Masayuki Kuzuhara and Andrea Lin and Marissa Maney and Metcalf, {Andrew J.} and Brett Morris and Jun Nishikawa and Masashi Omiya and Paul Robertson and Arpita Roy and Christian Schwab and Takuma Serizawa and Motohide Tamura and Akitoshi Ueda and S{\'e}bastien Vievard and John Wisniewski",

year = "2021",

month = sep,

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "162",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "3",

}

Krishnamurthy, V, Hirano, T, Stefánsson, G, Ninan, JP, Mahadevan, S, Gaidos, E, Kopparapu, R, Sato, B, Hori, Y, Bender, CF, Cañas, CI, Diddams, SA, Halverson, S, Harakawa, H, Hawley, S, Hearty, F, Hebb, L, Hodapp, K, Jacobson, S, Kanodia, S, Konishi, M, Kotani, T, Kowalski, A, Kudo, T, Kurokawa, T, Kuzuhara, M, Lin, A, Maney, M, Metcalf, AJ, Morris, B, Nishikawa, J, Omiya, M, Robertson, P, Roy, A, Schwab, C, Serizawa, T, Tamura, M, Ueda, A, Vievard, S & Wisniewski, J 2021, 'Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f', Astronomical Journal, vol. 162, no. 3, 82. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57

TY - JOUR

T1 - Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f

AU - Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran

AU - Hirano, Teruyuki

AU - Stefánsson, Gumundur

AU - Ninan, Joe P.

AU - Mahadevan, Suvrath

AU - Gaidos, Eric

AU - Kopparapu, Ravi

AU - Sato, Bunei

AU - Hori, Yasunori

AU - Bender, Chad F.

AU - Cañas, Caleb I.

AU - Diddams, Scott A.

AU - Halverson, Samuel

AU - Harakawa, Hiroki

AU - Hawley, Suzanne

AU - Hearty, Fred

AU - Hebb, Leslie

AU - Hodapp, Klaus

AU - Jacobson, Shane

AU - Kanodia, Shubham

AU - Konishi, Mihoko

AU - Kotani, Takayuki

AU - Kowalski, Adam

AU - Kudo, Tomoyuki

AU - Kurokawa, Takashi

AU - Kuzuhara, Masayuki

AU - Lin, Andrea

AU - Maney, Marissa

AU - Metcalf, Andrew J.

AU - Morris, Brett

AU - Nishikawa, Jun

AU - Omiya, Masashi

AU - Robertson, Paul

AU - Roy, Arpita

AU - Schwab, Christian

AU - Serizawa, Takuma

AU - Tamura, Motohide

AU - Ueda, Akitoshi

AU - Vievard, Sébastien

AU - Wisniewski, John

PY - 2021/9

Y1 - 2021/9

N2 - We obtained high-resolution spectra of the ultracool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 during the transit of its planet "b"using two high-dispersion near-infrared spectrographs, the Infrared Doppler (IRD) instrument on the Subaru 8.2m telescope, and the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) instrument on the 10 m Hobby-Eberly Telescope. These spectroscopic observations are complemented by a photometric transit observation for planet "b"using the APO/ARCTIC, which assisted us in capturing the correct transit times for our transit spectroscopy. Using the data obtained by the new IRD and HPF observations, as well as the prior transit observations of planets "b,""e"and "f"from IRD, we attempt to constrain the atmospheric escape of the planet using the He i triplet 10830 Å absorption line. We do not detect evidence for any primordial extended H-He atmospheres in all three planets. To limit any planet-related absorption, we place an upper limit on the equivalent widths of <7.754 mÅ for planet "b,"<10.458 mÅ for planet "e,"<4.143 mÅ for planet "f"at 95% confidence from the IRD data, and <3.467 mÅ for planet "b"at 95% confidence from HPF data. Using these limits along with a solar-like composition isothermal Parker wind model, we attempt to constrain the mass-loss rates for the three planets. For TRAPPIST-1b, our models exclude the highest possible energy-limited rate for a wind temperature <5000 K. This nondetection of extended atmospheres with low mean-molecular weights in all three planets aids in further constraining their atmospheric composition by steering the focus toward the search of high-molecular-weight species in their atmospheres.

AB - We obtained high-resolution spectra of the ultracool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 during the transit of its planet "b"using two high-dispersion near-infrared spectrographs, the Infrared Doppler (IRD) instrument on the Subaru 8.2m telescope, and the Habitable Zone Planet Finder (HPF) instrument on the 10 m Hobby-Eberly Telescope. These spectroscopic observations are complemented by a photometric transit observation for planet "b"using the APO/ARCTIC, which assisted us in capturing the correct transit times for our transit spectroscopy. Using the data obtained by the new IRD and HPF observations, as well as the prior transit observations of planets "b,""e"and "f"from IRD, we attempt to constrain the atmospheric escape of the planet using the He i triplet 10830 Å absorption line. We do not detect evidence for any primordial extended H-He atmospheres in all three planets. To limit any planet-related absorption, we place an upper limit on the equivalent widths of <7.754 mÅ for planet "b,"<10.458 mÅ for planet "e,"<4.143 mÅ for planet "f"at 95% confidence from the IRD data, and <3.467 mÅ for planet "b"at 95% confidence from HPF data. Using these limits along with a solar-like composition isothermal Parker wind model, we attempt to constrain the mass-loss rates for the three planets. For TRAPPIST-1b, our models exclude the highest possible energy-limited rate for a wind temperature <5000 K. This nondetection of extended atmospheres with low mean-molecular weights in all three planets aids in further constraining their atmospheric composition by steering the focus toward the search of high-molecular-weight species in their atmospheres.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85113309485&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85113309485&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57

DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/ac0d57

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85113309485

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 162

JO - Astronomical Journal

JF - Astronomical Journal

IS - 3

M1 - 82

ER -

Nondetection of Helium in the Upper Atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e, and f

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