NONLINEAR GLOBAL FRÉCHET REGRESSION FOR RANDOM OBJECTS VIA WEAK CONDITIONAL EXPECTATION

Random objects are complex non-Euclidean data taking values in general metric spaces, possibly devoid of any underlying vector space structure. Such data are becoming increasingly abundant with the rapid advancement in technology. Examples include probability distributions, positive semidefinite matrices and data on Riemannian manifolds. However, except for regression for object-valued response with Euclidean predictors and distribution-on-distribution regression, there has been limited development of a general framework for object-valued response with object-valued predictors in the literature. To fill this gap, we introduce the notion of a weak conditional Fréchet mean based on Carleman operators and then propose a global nonlinear Fréchet regression model through the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) embedding. Furthermore, we establish the relationships between the conditional Fréchet mean and the weak conditional Fréchet mean for both Euclidean and object-valued data. We also show that the state-of-the-art global Fréchet regression developed by Petersen and Müller (Ann. Statist. 47 (2019) 691–719) emerges as a special case of our method by choosing a linear kernel. We require that the metric space for the predictor admits a reproducing kernel, while the intrinsic geometry of the metric space for the response is utilized to study the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimates. Numerical studies, including extensive simulations and a real application, are conducted to investigate the finite-sample performance.