Nonlinear restoring forces and geometry influence on stability in near-field acoustic levitation

Stability is a key factor in near-field acoustic levitation (NFAL), which is a popular method for noncontact transportation of surface-sensitive objects. Since the physical principle of NFAL is based on nonlinear vibration and nonuniform pressure distribution of a plate resonator, traditional linearized stability analysis cannot address this problem correctly. We have performed a theoretical analysis on the levitation stability using a nonlinear squeeze film model including inertia effects and entrance pressure drop, and obtained nonlinear effective restoring force and moment. It was found that the nonuniform pressure distribution is mode-dependent, which determines the stability of the levitation system. Based on the theoretical understanding, we have designed a NFAL resonator with tapered cross section, which can provide higher stability for the levitating object than the rectangular cross-section resonator.