Nucleophilic Substitution Enables MXene Maximum Capacitance and Improved Stability

Combining the merits of battery and supercapacitor into a single device represents a major scientific and technological challenge. From a design perspective, electrode material plays a key role in the device and the fundamental difficulty lies in incorporating a high density of active sites into a stable material with excellent charge transfer kinetics. Here, the synthesis is reported of a nearly full-oxygen-functionalized 2D conductive transition metal carbide (Ti₃C₂O_y) with ultrahigh density of Ti─O/═O redox-active sites by nucleophilic substitution and in situ oxidation under the presence of a proper electrophilic reagent (K⁺). The fabricated electrode delivered exceptionally high gravimetric and volumetric capacitance (1,082 F g⁻¹ and 3,182 F cm⁻³ in a potential window of 0.85 V, approximating the theoretical capacity of many transition metal oxides), fast charging/discharging in tens of seconds across a wide range of temperature (−70 to 60 °C), and excellent structural and chemical stability. These promising results provide avenues for the development of high-energy, high-power storage devices as well as electromagnetic shielding, and electronic and optoelectronic devices.