Opioid neurotoxicity: Fentanyl-induced exacerbation of cerebral ischemia in rats

We tested the hypothesis that fentanyl would worsen ischemia-induced brain damage. In two sequential protocols forty rats were physiologically monitored and controlled. In protocol 1, rats were randomized (n = 10/group) to 30 min of control (N₂O plus 0.4% halothane), low dose fentanyl (loading dose [LD] 50 μg kg^-1, maintenance dose [MD] 2 μg kg^-1 min^-1), or high-dose fentanyl (LD 800 μg kg^-1, MD 32 μg kg^-1 min^-1). After 15 min of fentanyl or sham infusion trimethaphan 0.5 mg was given i.v. and 3 min later bilateral carotid artery occlusion and blood withdrawal-induced hypotension were maintained for 12 min. At 18 h postischemia rats underwent cerebral perfusion fixation. Brain areas were graded from 0 (normal) to 5. In addition to analysis of specific regions, neuropathologic scores were also summated over all brain regions and analyzed to compute a summed neuropathologic score. In protocol 2, five control and five high-dose fentanyl rats were treated identically except that post-ischemic oxygenation was maintained for 6 h and cerebral perfusion-fixation was performed 6 h post-ischemia. Only the caudate/putamen was examined in protocol 2. Fentanyl worsened lesions in both fentanyl groups' summed neuropathologic scores (P = 0.002) in protocol 1 and specifically, in the caudate/putamen (P < 0.01) in both protocols. Fentanyl in both high and low doses can exacerbate incomplete forebrain ischemia in rats.