TY - JOUR
T1 - Optimal design and allocation of electrified vehicles and dedicated charging infrastructure for minimum life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and cost
AU - Traut, Elizabeth
AU - Hendrickson, Chris
AU - Klampfl, Erica
AU - Liu, Yimin
AU - Michalek, Jeremy J.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by National Science Foundation grants from the Foundation's Material Use, Science, Engineering and Society program , Award #0628084 ; the CAREER program , award #0747911 ; and the Graduate Research Fellowship program , award #0750271 . Support was also provided by Ford Motor Company, Toyota Motors of America, and the Steinbrenner Graduate Fellowship. The authors gratefully acknowledge access to Minnesota driving data provided by Mike Tamor at Ford Motor Company; assistance in data interpretation from Alexander Dowling, a 2010 summer intern at Ford Motor Company, and from Susan Liss at the Federal Highway Administration; and advice on statistical models from Mitchell Small. The authors also wish to thank the members of the Design Decisions Laboratory, the Vehicle Electrification Group, and the Green Design Institute at Carnegie Mellon for their helpful feedback.
PY - 2012/12
Y1 - 2012/12
N2 - Electrified vehicles can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by shifting energy demand from gasoline to electricity. GHG reduction potential depends on vehicle design, adoption, driving and charging patterns, charging infrastructure, and electricity generation mix. We construct an optimization model to study these factors by determining optimal design of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with optimal allocation of vehicle designs and dedicated workplace charging infrastructure in the fleet for minimum life cycle cost or GHG emissions over a range of scenarios. We focus on vehicles with similar body size and acceleration to a Toyota Prius under government 5-cycle driving conditions. We find that under the current US grid mix, PHEVs offer only small GHG emissions reductions compared to HEVs, and workplace charging is insignificant. With grid decarbonization, PHEVs and BEVs offer substantial GHG emissions reductions, and workplace charging provides additional benefits. HEVs are optimal or near-optimal for minimum cost in most scenarios. High gas prices and low vehicle and battery costs are the major drivers for PHEVs and BEVs to enter and dominate the cost-optimal fleet. Carbon prices have little effect. Cost and range restrictions limit penetration of BEVs.
AB - Electrified vehicles can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by shifting energy demand from gasoline to electricity. GHG reduction potential depends on vehicle design, adoption, driving and charging patterns, charging infrastructure, and electricity generation mix. We construct an optimization model to study these factors by determining optimal design of conventional vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with optimal allocation of vehicle designs and dedicated workplace charging infrastructure in the fleet for minimum life cycle cost or GHG emissions over a range of scenarios. We focus on vehicles with similar body size and acceleration to a Toyota Prius under government 5-cycle driving conditions. We find that under the current US grid mix, PHEVs offer only small GHG emissions reductions compared to HEVs, and workplace charging is insignificant. With grid decarbonization, PHEVs and BEVs offer substantial GHG emissions reductions, and workplace charging provides additional benefits. HEVs are optimal or near-optimal for minimum cost in most scenarios. High gas prices and low vehicle and battery costs are the major drivers for PHEVs and BEVs to enter and dominate the cost-optimal fleet. Carbon prices have little effect. Cost and range restrictions limit penetration of BEVs.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.061
DO - 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.061
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84868202496
SN - 0301-4215
VL - 51
SP - 524
EP - 534
JO - Energy Policy
JF - Energy Policy
ER -