Oxygen nonstoichlometry and dielectric evolution of BaTiO 3. Part I - Improvement of insulation resistance with reoxidation

G. Y. Yang; E. C. Dickey; C. A. Randall; D. E. Barber; P. Pinceloup; M. A. Henderson; R. A. Hill; J. J. Beeson; D. J. Skamser

doi:10.1063/1.1809267

Oxygen nonstoichlometry and dielectric evolution of BaTiO ₃. Part I - Improvement of insulation resistance with reoxidation

G. Y. Yang, E. C. Dickey, C. A. Randall, D. E. Barber, P. Pinceloup, M. A. Henderson, R. A. Hill, J. J. Beeson, D. J. Skamser

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Abstract

Impedance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy are used to correlate local electrical properties with the microstructure and microchemistry of BaTiO ₃ in Ni-electrode multilayer ceramic capacitors. High densities of linear defects and some grains with structural modulations are observed in BaTiO ₃ grains in the as-cofired capacitors. The modulated structure is formed on {111} planes of the BaTiO ₃. Both types of structural defects are associated with high concentrations of oxygen vacancies. In particular, the oxygen content in the BaTiO ₃ grains that are in direct contact with the internal Ni electrodes is less uniform with a systematic decrease in oxygen content towards the electrode. In the capacitors that are reoxidized in a higher oxygen partial pressure at lower temperature, the BaTiO ₃ grains are almost free of linear defects and structural modulations and the oxygen content is homogeneous throughout the BaTiO ₃ active layers. A concomitant improvement in the total insulation resistance is observed.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	8
Pages (from-to)	7492-7499
Number of pages	8
Journal	Journal of Applied Physics
Volume	96
Issue number	12
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1809267
State	Published - Dec 15 2004

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General Physics and Astronomy

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title = "Oxygen nonstoichlometry and dielectric evolution of BaTiO 3. Part I - Improvement of insulation resistance with reoxidation",

abstract = "Impedance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy are used to correlate local electrical properties with the microstructure and microchemistry of BaTiO 3 in Ni-electrode multilayer ceramic capacitors. High densities of linear defects and some grains with structural modulations are observed in BaTiO 3 grains in the as-cofired capacitors. The modulated structure is formed on {111} planes of the BaTiO 3. Both types of structural defects are associated with high concentrations of oxygen vacancies. In particular, the oxygen content in the BaTiO 3 grains that are in direct contact with the internal Ni electrodes is less uniform with a systematic decrease in oxygen content towards the electrode. In the capacitors that are reoxidized in a higher oxygen partial pressure at lower temperature, the BaTiO 3 grains are almost free of linear defects and structural modulations and the oxygen content is homogeneous throughout the BaTiO 3 active layers. A concomitant improvement in the total insulation resistance is observed.",

author = "Yang, {G. Y.} and Dickey, {E. C.} and Randall, {C. A.} and Barber, {D. E.} and P. Pinceloup and Henderson, {M. A.} and Hill, {R. A.} and Beeson, {J. J.} and Skamser, {D. J.}",

note = "Funding Information: This work has been supported in part by the NSF-I/UCRO Center for Dielectrics Studies (CDS) and KEMET Electronic Corporation. We also thank CDS members for useful discussions and Materials Research Institute TEM facilities at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park. ",

year = "2004",

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doi = "10.1063/1.1809267",

language = "English (US)",

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T1 - Oxygen nonstoichlometry and dielectric evolution of BaTiO 3. Part I - Improvement of insulation resistance with reoxidation

AU - Yang, G. Y.

AU - Dickey, E. C.

AU - Randall, C. A.

AU - Barber, D. E.

AU - Pinceloup, P.

AU - Henderson, M. A.

AU - Hill, R. A.

AU - Beeson, J. J.

AU - Skamser, D. J.

N1 - Funding Information: This work has been supported in part by the NSF-I/UCRO Center for Dielectrics Studies (CDS) and KEMET Electronic Corporation. We also thank CDS members for useful discussions and Materials Research Institute TEM facilities at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

PY - 2004/12/15

Y1 - 2004/12/15

N2 - Impedance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy are used to correlate local electrical properties with the microstructure and microchemistry of BaTiO 3 in Ni-electrode multilayer ceramic capacitors. High densities of linear defects and some grains with structural modulations are observed in BaTiO 3 grains in the as-cofired capacitors. The modulated structure is formed on {111} planes of the BaTiO 3. Both types of structural defects are associated with high concentrations of oxygen vacancies. In particular, the oxygen content in the BaTiO 3 grains that are in direct contact with the internal Ni electrodes is less uniform with a systematic decrease in oxygen content towards the electrode. In the capacitors that are reoxidized in a higher oxygen partial pressure at lower temperature, the BaTiO 3 grains are almost free of linear defects and structural modulations and the oxygen content is homogeneous throughout the BaTiO 3 active layers. A concomitant improvement in the total insulation resistance is observed.

AB - Impedance spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy are used to correlate local electrical properties with the microstructure and microchemistry of BaTiO 3 in Ni-electrode multilayer ceramic capacitors. High densities of linear defects and some grains with structural modulations are observed in BaTiO 3 grains in the as-cofired capacitors. The modulated structure is formed on {111} planes of the BaTiO 3. Both types of structural defects are associated with high concentrations of oxygen vacancies. In particular, the oxygen content in the BaTiO 3 grains that are in direct contact with the internal Ni electrodes is less uniform with a systematic decrease in oxygen content towards the electrode. In the capacitors that are reoxidized in a higher oxygen partial pressure at lower temperature, the BaTiO 3 grains are almost free of linear defects and structural modulations and the oxygen content is homogeneous throughout the BaTiO 3 active layers. A concomitant improvement in the total insulation resistance is observed.

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Oxygen nonstoichlometry and dielectric evolution of BaTiO ₃. Part I - Improvement of insulation resistance with reoxidation

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