Phase-heterojunction all-inorganic perovskite solar cells surpassing 21.5% efficiency

Making organic–inorganic metal halide-based multijunction perovskite solar cells either by solution processes or physical techniques is not straightforward. Here we propose and developed dimethylammonium iodide-assisted β−CsPbI₃ and guanidinium iodide-assisted γ−CsPbI₃ all-inorganic phase-heterojunction solar cells (PHSs) by integrating hot-air and triple-source thermal evaporation deposition techniques, respectively. Incorporating a (Zn(C₆F₅)₂) molecular additive and dopant-free hole transport layer produces a 21.59% power conversion efficiency (PCE). The laboratory-to-module scale shows 18.43% PCE with an 18.08 cm² active area. We demonstrate that this additive-assisted β−γ-based PHS structure exhibited >200 hours of stable performance under maximum power tracking under one sun illumination. This work paves the way towards dual deposition techniques for PHS with important consequences not only for all inorganic but also for other halide perovskite compositions.