TY - JOUR
T1 - Phylogeography of a morphologically diverse Neotropical montane species, the Common Bush-Tanager (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus)
AU - Weir, Jason T.
AU - Bermingham, Eldredge
AU - Miller, Matthew J.
AU - Klicka, John
AU - González, Maribel A.
N1 - Funding Information:
The manuscript benefited from discussions with Dolph Schluter and Darren Irwin. Katriina Ilves, Alan Brelsford and one anonymous reviewer helped improve the manuscript. Tissue samples were generously provided by the Field Museum of Natural History, Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science; American Museum of Natural History; Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; University of Kansas Natural History Museum; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia or were collected by the authors. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out in part using resources of the Computational Biology Service Unit from Cornell University which is partially funded by Microsoft Corporation. Oris Sanjur provided invaluable logistical support in the field. Financial support was supplied by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council doctoral and postdoctoral fellowships, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Short Term Fellowship and an American Museum of Natural History Collections Study Grant to J.T. Weir, National Science Foundation EPSCoR and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Predoctoral fellowships to M.J. Miller, National Science Foundation grant and Barrick Museum Foundation support to J. Klicka.
PY - 2008/5
Y1 - 2008/5
N2 - The Common Bush-Tanager (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus) is distributed in Neotropical cloud-forests from Mexico to Argentina and contains 25 subspecies divided into eight subspecies groups based on biogeography, eye coloration, presence of a postocular spot and chest band. All of Central America is occupied by a single subspecies group; whereas the Andes are believed to be occupied by seven additional subspecies groups. We used five mitochondrial genes to investigate the phylogeography and possible species limits of the ophthalmicus complex. A total of 14 monophyletic lineages were uncovered within the ophthalmicus complex, including three clades currently classified as separate species (C. semifuscus, inornatus and tacarcunae). Divergence estimates for these clades date between 0.8 and 5.2 million years ago (Ma). Contrary to expectations based on morphological diversity, phylogeographic structure was greatest in Mexico and Central America and weakest in the Andes. Morphological and genetic divergences were not significantly correlated and most morphologically defined subspecies groups were not supported. Our evidence suggests the ophthalmicus complex originated in Mexico ca. 6.0 Ma (million years ago) and spread south into the Andes ca. 4.7 Ma before the completion of the Isthmus of Panama. Three genetically divergent lineages of ophthalmicus that formed in the Andes possess a complex checkerboard distribution, with a single lineage represented by disjunct populations from Venezuela and the southern Andes, while intervening populations in Ecuador and Central Peru form two genetically and morphologically divergent lineages.
AB - The Common Bush-Tanager (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus) is distributed in Neotropical cloud-forests from Mexico to Argentina and contains 25 subspecies divided into eight subspecies groups based on biogeography, eye coloration, presence of a postocular spot and chest band. All of Central America is occupied by a single subspecies group; whereas the Andes are believed to be occupied by seven additional subspecies groups. We used five mitochondrial genes to investigate the phylogeography and possible species limits of the ophthalmicus complex. A total of 14 monophyletic lineages were uncovered within the ophthalmicus complex, including three clades currently classified as separate species (C. semifuscus, inornatus and tacarcunae). Divergence estimates for these clades date between 0.8 and 5.2 million years ago (Ma). Contrary to expectations based on morphological diversity, phylogeographic structure was greatest in Mexico and Central America and weakest in the Andes. Morphological and genetic divergences were not significantly correlated and most morphologically defined subspecies groups were not supported. Our evidence suggests the ophthalmicus complex originated in Mexico ca. 6.0 Ma (million years ago) and spread south into the Andes ca. 4.7 Ma before the completion of the Isthmus of Panama. Three genetically divergent lineages of ophthalmicus that formed in the Andes possess a complex checkerboard distribution, with a single lineage represented by disjunct populations from Venezuela and the southern Andes, while intervening populations in Ecuador and Central Peru form two genetically and morphologically divergent lineages.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=43049104936&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=43049104936&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.004
DO - 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.004
M3 - Article
C2 - 18378470
AN - SCOPUS:43049104936
SN - 1055-7903
VL - 47
SP - 650
EP - 664
JO - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
JF - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
IS - 2
ER -