TY - JOUR
T1 - Physical and chemical characterization of SIDI engine particulates
AU - Gaddam, Chethan K.
AU - Vander Wal, Randy L.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to acknowledge funding by Ken Howden and Gurpreet Singh at the DOE Office of Vehicle Technology through the “Fuel Neutral Particulate Matter Control” project managed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, under the direction and guidance of Mark Stewart (PNNL). The authors thank Drs. Andrea Strzelec, and Alla Zelenyuk of PNNL, Profs. David Foster, David Rothamer, and graduate students Mitchell Hageman, Axel Maier of University of Wisconsin-Madison for their support of this work. The authors gratefully acknowledge Chung-Hsuan Huang for beneficial discussions on soot characterization methods. HRTEM, XPS, and FTIR-ATR were performed using the facilities of the Materials Research Institute at The Pennsylvania State University.
Copyright:
Copyright 2013 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2013/11
Y1 - 2013/11
N2 - Carbonaceous soot particles from a spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engine are characterized by physical and chemical techniques. Physical characterization included aggregate size and morphology, primary particle size and internal nanostructure, each by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and corresponding image analyses. Chemical characterization included composition and bonding as analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). Engine operational conditions included lean, rich, high-load cases and an advanced ignition test, each relative to a reference condition. The aggregates formed for the operational modes with less time for in-cylinder mixing appeared to be more compact with the primary soot particles exhibiting a higher level of tortuous nanostructure. XPS analysis indicated considerable organic matter content while FTIR-ATR confirmed that the organic component was not condensed volatiles but instead matrix bound organics. A small (<15%) surface oxygen content was observed by XPS, consistent with FTIR results suggesting that the organic content is largely alkyl hydrocarbons rather than oxygenated species.
AB - Carbonaceous soot particles from a spark-ignition direct-injection (SIDI) engine are characterized by physical and chemical techniques. Physical characterization included aggregate size and morphology, primary particle size and internal nanostructure, each by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and corresponding image analyses. Chemical characterization included composition and bonding as analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). Engine operational conditions included lean, rich, high-load cases and an advanced ignition test, each relative to a reference condition. The aggregates formed for the operational modes with less time for in-cylinder mixing appeared to be more compact with the primary soot particles exhibiting a higher level of tortuous nanostructure. XPS analysis indicated considerable organic matter content while FTIR-ATR confirmed that the organic component was not condensed volatiles but instead matrix bound organics. A small (<15%) surface oxygen content was observed by XPS, consistent with FTIR results suggesting that the organic content is largely alkyl hydrocarbons rather than oxygenated species.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.05.025
DO - 10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.05.025
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84882824598
SN - 0010-2180
VL - 160
SP - 2517
EP - 2528
JO - Combustion and Flame
JF - Combustion and Flame
IS - 11
ER -