TY - JOUR
T1 - Physical disability trajectories in older Americans with and without diabetes
T2 - The role of age, gender, race or ethnicity, and education
AU - Chiu, Ching Ju
AU - Wray, Linda A.
N1 - Funding Information:
Our data are drawn from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 1998–2006). The HRS is an ongoing nationally representative panel survey that collects a wide range of data on the physical and mental health, insurance coverage, financial status, family support systems, labor market status, and retirement planning of middle-aged and older Americans, including oversamples of Hispanic or Latino, Black or African American, and Florida residents (Juster & Suzman, 1995). It was funded by the National Institute on Aging and conducted by the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. The initial wave of data collection, fielded in 1992, interviewed 12,543 individuals born 1931–1941 (thus, 51–61 years of age), along with their spouses or partners of any age. Reinterviews have occurred biennially and are ongoing. The 1998 survey not only reinterviewed those who had survived from the 1992 survey (N = 10,584) but also reinterviewed another nationally representative cohort of persons born in 1922 or earlier who were the survivors of the 1993 Study of Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old (N = 5,860; Soldo, Hurd, Rodgers, & Wallace, 1997) and added respondents from the 1942–1947 (N = 2,529) and 1923–1930 birth cohorts (N = 2,320) to round out the sample aged 51 and older. As a result, 21,384 adults (age 25–105 years) were interviewed in 1998. Among them, 20,443 were representative of the entire population of U.S. adults born in 1947 or earlier (aged 51 or older in 1998). The reinterview response rates for the biennial follow-up interviews for the 1998 HRS sample were 88.2%, 80.2%, 73.5%, and 67.0% in 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006, respectively.
Funding Information:
This study was supported by a Penn State Center on Population Health and Aging Level 2 grant (parent grant, National Institute on Aging, P30-AG024395).
PY - 2011/2
Y1 - 2011/2
N2 - Purpose:This research combined cross-sectional and longitudinal data to characterize age-related trajectories in physical disability for adults with and without diabetes in the United States and to investigate if those patterns differ by age, gender, race or ethnicity, and education.Design and Methods:Data were examined on 20,433 adults aged 51 and older from the 1998 to 2006 Health and Retirement Study. Multilevel models and a cohort-sequential design were applied to quantitatively depict the age norm of physical disability after age 50.Results:Adults with diabetes not only experience greater levels of physical disability but also faster rates of deterioration over time. This pattern is net of attrition, time-invariant sociodemographic factors, and time-varying chronic disease conditions. Differences in physical disability between adults with and without diabetes were more pronounced in women, non-White, and those of lower education. The moderating effects of gender and education remained robust even after controlling for selected covariates in the model.Implications:This study highlighted the consistently greater development of disability over time in adults with diabetes and particularly in those who are women, non-White, or adults of lower education. Future studies are recommended to examine the mechanisms underlying the differential effects of diabetes on physical disability by gender and education.
AB - Purpose:This research combined cross-sectional and longitudinal data to characterize age-related trajectories in physical disability for adults with and without diabetes in the United States and to investigate if those patterns differ by age, gender, race or ethnicity, and education.Design and Methods:Data were examined on 20,433 adults aged 51 and older from the 1998 to 2006 Health and Retirement Study. Multilevel models and a cohort-sequential design were applied to quantitatively depict the age norm of physical disability after age 50.Results:Adults with diabetes not only experience greater levels of physical disability but also faster rates of deterioration over time. This pattern is net of attrition, time-invariant sociodemographic factors, and time-varying chronic disease conditions. Differences in physical disability between adults with and without diabetes were more pronounced in women, non-White, and those of lower education. The moderating effects of gender and education remained robust even after controlling for selected covariates in the model.Implications:This study highlighted the consistently greater development of disability over time in adults with diabetes and particularly in those who are women, non-White, or adults of lower education. Future studies are recommended to examine the mechanisms underlying the differential effects of diabetes on physical disability by gender and education.
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U2 - 10.1093/geront/gnq069
DO - 10.1093/geront/gnq069
M3 - Article
C2 - 20713455
AN - SCOPUS:78751563369
SN - 0016-9013
VL - 51
SP - 51
EP - 63
JO - Gerontologist
JF - Gerontologist
IS - 1
ER -