@article{8bd17e790c61456fa259defa1006cc1b,
title = "Plant defenses interact with insect enteric bacteria by initiating a leaky gut syndrome",
abstract = "Plants produce suites of defenses that can collectively deter and reduce herbivory. Many defenses target the insect digestive system, with some altering the protective peritrophic matrix (PM) and causing increased permeability. The PM is responsible for multiple digestive functions, including reducing infections from potential pathogenic microbes. In our study, we developed axenic and gnotobiotic methods for fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and tested how particular members present in the gut community influence interactions with plant defenses that can alter PM permeability. We observed interactions between gut bacteria with plant resistance. Axenic insects grew more but displayed lower immune-based responses compared with those possessing Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter isolates from field-collected larvae. While gut bacteria reduced performance of larvae fed on plants, none of the isolates produced mortality when injected directly into the hemocoel. Our results strongly suggest that plant physical and chemical defenses not only act directly upon the insect, but also have some interplay with the herbivore{\textquoteright}s microbiome. Combined direct and indirect, microbe-mediated assaults by maize defenses on the fall armyworm on the insect digestive and immune system reduced growth and elevated mortality in these insects. These results imply that plant–insect interactions should be considered in the context of potential mediation by the insect gut microbiome.",
author = "Mason, {Charles J.} and Swayamjit Ray and Ikkei Shikano and Michelle Peiffer and Jones, {Asher G.} and Luthe, {Dawn S.} and Kelli Hoover and Felton, {Gary W.}",
note = "Funding Information: . We thank W. Paul Williams for providing maize seed. We also thank the services provided by The Pennsylvania State University Radiation Science and Engineering Center Gamma Irradiation Facility and the Pennsylvania State University Microscopy and Cytometry Facility. Comments by 3 anonymous reviewers helped improve our manuscript. Funding was provided by US Department of Agriculture Grant AFRI 2017-67013-26596 (to G.W.F. and K.H.); National Science Foundation Grant IOS-1645548 (to G.W.F., I.S., and K.H.); Hatch Project Grant PEN04576; and US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Postdoctoral Fellowship 2018-67012-27979 (to C.J.M.). Funding Information: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank W. Paul Williams for providing maize seed. We also thank the services provided by The Pennsylvania State University Radiation Science and Engineering Center Gamma Irradiation Facility and the Pennsylvania State University Microscopy and Cytometry Facility. Comments by 3 anonymous reviewers helped improve our manuscript. Funding was provided by US Department of Agriculture Grant AFRI 2017-67013-26596 (to G.W.F. and K.H.); National Science Foundation Grant IOS-1645548 (to G.W.F., I.S., and K.H.); Hatch Project Grant PEN04576; and US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Postdoctoral Fellowship 2018-67012-27979 (to C.J.M.). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.",
year = "2019",
month = aug,
day = "6",
doi = "10.1073/pnas.1908748116",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "116",
pages = "15991--15996",
journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
issn = "0027-8424",
publisher = "National Academy of Sciences",
number = "32",
}