Production analysis of tight gas and shale gas reservoirs using the dynamic-slippage concept

Shales and some tight gas reservoirs have complex, multi-model pore size distributions, including pore sizes in the nanopore range, causing gas to be transported via multiple flow mechanisms through the pore structure. In 1986, Ertekin et al. developed a method to account for dual mechanism (pressure- and concentration-driven) flow for tight formations that incorporated an apparent Klinkenberg gas-slippage factor that is not a constant, which is commonly assumed for tight gas reservoirs. In this work, we extend the dynamic- slippage concept to shale gas reservoirs, for which it is postulated that multi-mechanism flow can occur. Inspired by recent studies that have demonstrated the complex pore structure of shale gas reservoirs, which may include nanoporosity in kerogen, we first develop a numerical model that accounts for multi-mechanism flow in the inorganic and organic matter framework using the dynamic-slippage concept. In this formulation, unsteady-state desorption of gas from the kerogen is accounted for. We then generate a series of production forecasts using the numerical model to demonstrate the consequences of not rigorously accounting for multi-mechanistic flow in tight formations. Finally, we modify modern rate-transient methods by altering pseudovariables to include dynamic-slippage and desorption effects and demonstrate the utility of this approach with simulated and field cases. The primary contribution of this work is therefore the demonstration of the use of modern rate transient methods for reservoirs exhibiting multi-mechanistic (non-Darcy) flow. The approach is considered to be useful for analysis of production data from shale gas and tight gas formations as it captures the physics of flow in such formations realistically.