@article{0b02e23e1f4a46d1877e68e9090af24a,
title = "Proxy evidence for an El Ni{\~n}o-like response to volcanic forcing",
abstract = "Past studies have suggested a statistical connection between explosive volcanic eruptions and subsequent El Ni{\~n}o climate events. This connection, however, has remained controversial. Here we present support for a response of the El Ni{\~n}o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon to forcing from explosive volcanism by using two different palaeoclimate reconstructions of El Ni{\~n}o activity and two independent, proxy-based chronologies of explosive volcanic activity from AD 1649 to the present. We demonstrate a significant, multi-year, El Ni{\~n}o-like response to explosive tropical volcanic forcing over the past several centuries. The results imply roughly a doubling of the probability of an El Ni{\~n}o event occurring in the winter following a volcanic eruption. Our empirical findings shed light on how the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system may respond to exogenous (both natural and anthropogenic) radiative forcing.",
author = "Adams, {J. Brad} and Mann, {Michael E.} and Ammann, {Caspar M.}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements This work was supported by the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation. L.E.B. is supported by the Columbia MRSEC. P.L.G. was an MIT Science Fellow throughout most of this work. D.R.R. is a Sloan Fellow and Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar. Funding Information: Acknowledgements This research was supported (M.E.M. and J.B.A.) by the NOAA-and NSF-supported {\textquoteleft}Earth Systems History{\textquoteright} programme and the NCAR-Early Career Scientist Assembly (C.M.A.). We thank R. S. Bradley for his support of C.M.A. during early stages of this work, R. E. Davis for suggestions with respect to the statistical procedure, and A. Robock and K. Trenberth for comments on the manuscript. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Copyright: Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2003",
month = nov,
day = "20",
doi = "10.1038/nature02101",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "426",
pages = "274--278",
journal = "Nature",
issn = "0028-0836",
publisher = "Nature Research",
number = "6964",
}
