TY - JOUR
T1 - Radium in hydraulic fracturing wastewater
T2 - Distribution in suspended solids and implications to its treatment by sulfate co-precipitation
AU - Ouyang, Bingjie
AU - Renock, Devon J.
AU - Ajemigbitse, Moses A.
AU - Van Sice, Katherine
AU - Warner, Nathaniel R.
AU - Landis, Joshua D.
AU - Feng, Xiahong
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Bureau of Abandoned Mine Reclamation, PA and a private waste treatment facility for providing valuable waste materials, and Edward Myer from Dartmouth College for providing technical support. The authors also greatly appreciate the constructive comments and suggestions from the editors and three anonymous reviewers. This work was financially supported by Dartmouth College. The authors declare no competing financial interest. The National Science Foundation under project AIR-164063 provided support for this project.
Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank Bureau of Abandoned Mine Reclamation, PA and a private waste treatment facility for providing valuable waste materials, and Edward Myer from Dartmouth College for providing technical support. The authors also greatly appreciate the constructive comments and suggestions from the editors and three anonymous reviewers. This work was nancially supported by Dartmouth College. The authors declare no competing nancial interest. The National Science Foundation under project AIR-164063 provided support for this project.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
PY - 2019/2
Y1 - 2019/2
N2 - High concentrations of barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) and radium (Ra) are present in both the liquid and suspended solid portions of wastewater produced from hydraulic fracturing. These high concentrations often require special treatment in which the solid and liquid portions are separated and then independently treated prior to disposal. The solids are typically disposed in landfills while the liquids are further treated, recycled for future hydraulic fracturing, or disposed via injection wells. Finding optimal treatment methods of both the solid and the liquid fractions requires a thorough understanding of potential Ra mobility from both the raw suspended solids and mineral precipitates formed during treatment. Using a sequential extraction procedure, we found that, without treatment, more than 50% of Ra-226 in the suspended solids was associated with soluble salts and readily exchangeable fractions. When the liquid portion of the wastewater was treated by mixing with acid mine drainage (AMD), which contained high sulfate concentrations, approximately 80-97% of the total Ra-226 in the mixture solution is found in the insoluble sulfate fraction of the precipitate. The activity of Ra-226 sequestered in the precipitated solid sulfate fractions is positively correlated with the Sr/Ba ratio of the wastewater-AMD solution. We discuss implications of these findings for effective long-term management of elevated radium in both solid and liquid wastes.
AB - High concentrations of barium (Ba), strontium (Sr) and radium (Ra) are present in both the liquid and suspended solid portions of wastewater produced from hydraulic fracturing. These high concentrations often require special treatment in which the solid and liquid portions are separated and then independently treated prior to disposal. The solids are typically disposed in landfills while the liquids are further treated, recycled for future hydraulic fracturing, or disposed via injection wells. Finding optimal treatment methods of both the solid and the liquid fractions requires a thorough understanding of potential Ra mobility from both the raw suspended solids and mineral precipitates formed during treatment. Using a sequential extraction procedure, we found that, without treatment, more than 50% of Ra-226 in the suspended solids was associated with soluble salts and readily exchangeable fractions. When the liquid portion of the wastewater was treated by mixing with acid mine drainage (AMD), which contained high sulfate concentrations, approximately 80-97% of the total Ra-226 in the mixture solution is found in the insoluble sulfate fraction of the precipitate. The activity of Ra-226 sequestered in the precipitated solid sulfate fractions is positively correlated with the Sr/Ba ratio of the wastewater-AMD solution. We discuss implications of these findings for effective long-term management of elevated radium in both solid and liquid wastes.
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U2 - 10.1039/c8em00311d
DO - 10.1039/c8em00311d
M3 - Article
C2 - 30516236
AN - SCOPUS:85061959238
SN - 2050-7887
VL - 21
SP - 339
EP - 351
JO - Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts
JF - Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts
IS - 2
ER -