Regenerating the ailing heart: Stem cell therapies for hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a complex congenital heart defect (CHD) characterized by a spectrum of underdeveloped left-sided cardiac structures. It is a serious defect and warrants either 3-staged surgical palliation or a heart transplant. Despite numerous surgical advancements, long-term outcomes remain challenging and still have significant morbidity and mortality. There have been notable advancements in stem cell therapy for HLHS, including developments in diverse stem cell origins and methods of administration. Clinical trials have shown safety and potential benefits, including improved ventricular function, reduced heart failure, and fewer adverse events. Younger myocardium seems particularly receptive to stem cell signals, suggesting the importance of early intervention. This review explores the potential of emerging stem cell-based therapies as an adjunctive approach to improve the outcomes for HLHS patients.