TY - JOUR
T1 - Reversal of the sleep–wake cycle by heroin self-administration in rats
AU - Coffey, Alissa A.
AU - Guan, Zhiwei
AU - Grigson, Patricia S.
AU - Fang, Jidong
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2016
Y1 - 2016
N2 - The goal of this study was to examine how heroin self-administration, abstinence, and extinction/reinstatement affect circadian sleep–wake cycles and the associated sleep architecture. We used electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) to measure sleep patterns in male Sprague–Dawley rats over 16 trials of heroin self-administration (acquisition), 14 days of abstinence, and a single day of extinction and drug-induced reinstatement. Rats self-administering heroin showed evidence of reversed (diurnal) patterns of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep throughout acquisition. During abstinence, their wake and NREM sleep patterns were immediately restored to the normal nocturnal distribution. REM patterns remained inverted for the first 3–6 days of abstinence in heroin self-administering rats. The single extinction/reinstatement test was without effect. These data suggest that heroin may have the ability to affect circadian distribution of sleep and wakefulness, either indirectly, where animals shift their sleep-wake cycle to allow for drug taking, or directly, through wake-promoting actions or actions at circadian oscillators in the brain.
AB - The goal of this study was to examine how heroin self-administration, abstinence, and extinction/reinstatement affect circadian sleep–wake cycles and the associated sleep architecture. We used electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) to measure sleep patterns in male Sprague–Dawley rats over 16 trials of heroin self-administration (acquisition), 14 days of abstinence, and a single day of extinction and drug-induced reinstatement. Rats self-administering heroin showed evidence of reversed (diurnal) patterns of wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep throughout acquisition. During abstinence, their wake and NREM sleep patterns were immediately restored to the normal nocturnal distribution. REM patterns remained inverted for the first 3–6 days of abstinence in heroin self-administering rats. The single extinction/reinstatement test was without effect. These data suggest that heroin may have the ability to affect circadian distribution of sleep and wakefulness, either indirectly, where animals shift their sleep-wake cycle to allow for drug taking, or directly, through wake-promoting actions or actions at circadian oscillators in the brain.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.09.008
DO - 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.09.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 26431774
AN - SCOPUS:84979293991
SN - 0361-9230
VL - 123
SP - 33
EP - 46
JO - Brain Research Bulletin
JF - Brain Research Bulletin
ER -