Salutary effect of aurintricarboxylic acid on endotoxin-and sepsis-induced changes in muscle protein synthesis and inflammation

Small molecule nonpeptidyl molecules are potentially attractive drug candidates as adjunct therapies in the treatment of sepsis-induced metabolic complications. As such, the current study investigates the use of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), which stimulates insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor and AKT signaling, for its ability to ameliorate the protein metabolic effects of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) + interferon + (IFN-+) in C2C12 myotubes and sepsis in skeletal muscle. Aurintricarboxylic acid dose-and time-dependently increases mTOR (mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin)Ydependent protein synthesis. Pretreatment with ATA prevents the LPS/IFN-+Yinduced decrease in protein synthesis at least in part by maintaining mTOR kinase activity, whereas posttreatment with ATA is able to increase protein synthesis when added up to 6 h after LPS/IFN-+. Aurintricarboxylic acid also reverses the amino acid resistance, which is detected in response to nutrient deprivation. Conversely, ATA decreases the basal rate of protein degradation and prevents the LPS/IFN-+ increase in proteolysis, and the latter change is associated reduced atrogin 1 and MuRF1 mRNA. The ability of ATA to antagonize LPS/IFN-+Yinduced changes in protein metabolism was associated with its ability to prevent the increases in interleukin 6 and nitric oxide synthase 2 and decreases in insulinlike growth factor 1. In vivo studies indicate ATA acutely increases skeletal muscle, but not cardiac, protein synthesis and attenuates the loss of lean body mass over 5 days. These data suggest ATA and other small molecule agonists of endogenous anabolic hormones may prove beneficial in treating sepsis by decreasing the inflammatory response and improving muscle protein balance.