Simulation of Liquefying Propellants in Cross-Flow Configurations

In this study, the entrainment behavior of paraffin-based hybrid rockets is computationally investigated for varying injection conditions. An axial injection case is presented as a baseline, followed by several cases with varying levels of cross-flow present in the gas-phase flow. Varying the angle of the gas-phase flow is found to have an effect on the droplet generation and entrainment from the paraffin fuel layer. Flow development is found to be similar in most cases, with some anomalous behavior observed during the 45^◦ injection trial. An approach for the quantitative evaluation of droplet entrainment is proposed with the 60^◦ injection angle case found to have the greatest amount of mass entrainment compared to the other cases presented.