SP-R210 isoforms of Myosin18A modulate endosomal sorting and recognition of influenza A virus infection in macrophages

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes acute and often lethal inflammation in the lung. The role of macrophages in this adverse inflammation is partially understood. The surfactant protein A receptor 210 (SP-R210) consists of two isoforms, a long (L) SP-R210_L and a short (S) SP-R210_S isoform encoded by alternative splicing of the myosin 18A gene. We reported that disruption of SP-R210_L enhances cytosolic and endosomal antiviral response pathways. Here, we report that SP-R210_L antagonizes type I interferon β (IFNβ), as depletion of SP-R210_L potentiates IFNβ secretion. SP-R210 antibodies enhance and attenuate IFNβ secretion in SP-R210_L replete and deficient macrophages, respectively, indicating that SP-R210 isoform stoichiometry alters macrophage function intrinsically. This reciprocal response is coupled to unopposed and restricted expression of viral genes in control and SP-R210_L-deficient macrophages, respectively. Human monocytic cells with sub-stoichiometric expression of SP-R210_L resist IAV infection, whereas alveolar macrophages with increased abundance of SP-R210_L permit viral gene expression similar to murine macrophages. Uptake and membrane binding studies show that lack of SP-R210 isoforms does not impair IAV binding and internalization. Lack of SP-R210_L, however, results in macropinocytic retention of the virus that depends on both SP-R210_S and interferon-inducible transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3). Mass spectrometry and Western blot analyses indicate that SP-R210 isoforms modulate differential recruitment of the Rho-family GTPase RAC1 and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Our study suggests that SP-R210 isoforms modulate RAC-dependent macropinosomal sorting of IAV to discrete endosomal and lysosomal compartments that either permit or prevent endolysosomal escape and inflammatory sensing of viral genomes in macrophages.