The frequency of double-positive thymocytes expressing an αβ TCR clonotype regulates peripheral CD4 T cell compartment homeostasis

The present study aimed to determine whether the frequency of double positive (DP) thymocytes expressing αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes at the time of selection regulates peripheral CD4 T-cell compartment size. Scid recipients were inoculated with various ratios of TCR Cα^0/0 and wild-type bone marrow (BM) stem cells. Increasing the frequency of TCR Cα^0/0 thymocytes at steady-state introduced a graded decrease in the maturation probability of the total DP thymocyte pool. At 12-14 weeks following BM inoculation, the frequency of TCR Cα^0/0 DP thymocytes was inversely correlated with that of CD4 single positive (SP) thymocytes. Notwithstanding, a decreased frequency of wild-type DP thymocytes led to a marked increase in their transit efficiency from the DP to SP compartments. The frequency-dependent increase in thymocyte transit efficiency was associated with a CD4 SP cell surface phenotype indicative of increased antigenic experience. Importantly, the frequency of DP thymocytes capable of expressing TCR clonotypes dictated the steady-state size of the peripheral CD4 T cell compartment and its potential for homeostatic proliferation. Collectively, these results indicate that the efficiency of DP to CD4 SP transit is a frequency dependent process, which determines (1) the steady-state size of the peripheral T cell compartment and (2) the threshold for homeostatic expansion of peripheral CD4 T cells.