The Hubble Space Telescope quasar absorption line key project. V. Redshift evolution of Lyman limit absorption in the spectra of a large sample of quasars

Using a sample of 119 QSOs, containing objects we have selected having previously available high quality ground-based and IUE spectral observations, together with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of 26 QSOs from Bahcall et al. (1993, 1995) and Impey et al. (1995) and new optical observations of 41 objects by Steidel & Sargent (1995), we study the redshift evolution of Lyman limit absorption systems (LLSs; τ > 1.0) over the redshift range 0.32 ≤ z_LLS < 4.11. The HST observations significantly improve the determination of the low redshift (0.4 < z_LLS < 1.4) distribution. We find the effect which may have been responsible for the apparent strong evolution at z_LLS > 2.5 found by Lanzetta (1991), which led him to consider a broken, not single, power law as a better description of the redshift distribution of LLSs. After removing objects which may bias our sample, leaving a total of 169 QSOs, we find the distribution is well described by a single power law, and obtain for the number density as a function of redshift the form N(z) = N₀(1 + z)^γ with γ = 1.50 ± 0.39 and N₀ = 0.25_-0.10^+0.17, consistent with a constant comoving density of absorbers in a Friedmann universe with q₀ = 0 but indicating evolution if q₀ = 1/2.