@article{e1ed0f4f5732452f8a24a684151c9b26,
title = "The ISS-CREAM silicon charge detector for identification of the charge of cosmic rays up to Z = 26",
abstract = "The Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass experiment for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM) is a space-borne mission designed for the precision measurement of the energy and elemental composition of cosmic rays. It is scheduled to be launched and installed on the ISS in August 2017. The Silicon Charge Detector (SCD), placed at the top of the ISS-CREAM payload, consists of 4 layers. Each layer has 2688 silicon pixels and associated electronics arranged in such a fashion that its active detection area of 78 × 74 cm2 is free of any dead area. The foremost goal of the SCD is to efficiently and precisely measure the charge of cosmic rays passing through it. The 4-layer configuration was chosen to achieve the best precision in measuring the charge of cosmic rays within the constraints on the mass, volume and power allotted to it. The amount of material used for its support structure was minimized as well to reduce the chance of interactions of the cosmic ray within the structure. Given the placement of the SCD, its 4-layer configuration and the minimal amount of material in the cosmic-ray trajectory, the SCD is designed to measure the charge of cosmic rays ranging from protons to iron nuclei with excellent detection efficiency and charge resolution. We present the design and fabrication of the SCD. It successfully underwent space environment tests including vibration and thermal-vacuum qualification. We present the performance of the SCD during these tests, as well as its charge-measurement performance on the ground using cosmic muons and heavy ions in a beam test at the European Organization for Nuclear Research.",
author = "{ISS-CREAM Collaboration} and J. Lee and Y. Amare and T. Anderson and D. Angelaszek and N. Anthony and K. Cheryian and Choi, {G. H.} and M. Copley and S. Coutu and L. Derome and L. Eraud and L. Hagenau and Han, {J. H.} and Huh, {H. G.} and Hwang, {Y. S.} and Hyun, {H. J.} and S. Im and Jeon, {H. B.} and Jeon, {J. A.} and S. Jeong and Kang, {S. C.} and Kim, {H. J.} and Kim, {K. C.} and Kim, {M. H.} and Lee, {H. Y.} and Lee, {M. H.} and J. Liang and Link, {J. T.} and L. Lu and L. Lutz and A. Menchaca-Rocha and T. Mernik and Mitchell, {J. W.} and Mognet, {S. I.} and S. Morton and M. Nester and S. Nutter and O. Ofoha and H. Park and Park, {I. H.} and Park, {J. M.} and N. Picot-Clemente and R. Quinn and Seo, {E. S.} and Smith, {J. R.} and P. Walpole and Weinmann, {R. P.} and J. Wu and Yoonll, {Y. S.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors thank NASA GSFC WFF for project management and engineering support, and NASA JSC ISS Program Office for launch support and the ISS accommodation. This work was supported in the U.S. by NASA grants NNX11AC52G, NNX08AC15G, NNX08AC16G and their predecessor grants, as well as by directed RTOP funds to NASA GSFC WFF. It was supported in Korea by the Creative Research Initiatives of MEST/NRF, and by National Research Foundation Grants NRF-2014R1A2A2A01002734, NRF-2014R1A1A2006456, NRF-2015R1A2A1A13001843. It was supported in France by IN2P3/CNRS and CNES and in Mexico by DGAPA-UNAM and CONACYT. The authors also thank H. S. Choi, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, for contributions to the SCD thermal vacuum tests, M. Geske, Penn State, for contributions to the BSD, and M. A. Coplan, University of Maryland, contributions to CAL electronics vacuum tests. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).; 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2017 ; Conference date: 10-07-2017 Through 20-07-2017",
year = "2017",
language = "English (US)",
journal = "Proceedings of Science",
issn = "1824-8039",
publisher = "Sissa Medialab Srl",
}