Abstract
LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above 1.4×10-48cm2 for a WIMP mass of 40GeV/c2 and a 1000days exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Article number | 1044 |
| Journal | European Physical Journal C |
| Volume | 80 |
| Issue number | 11 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Nov 2020 |
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Engineering (miscellaneous)
- Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)
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In: European Physical Journal C, Vol. 80, No. 11, 1044, 11.2020.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs
AU - Akerib, D. S.
AU - Akerlof, C. W.
AU - Akimov, D. Yu
AU - Alquahtani, A.
AU - Alsum, S. K.
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AU - Carmona-Benitez, M. C.
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AU - Chan, C.
AU - Cherwinka, J. J.
AU - Chiller, A. A.
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AU - Chott, N. I.
AU - Cole, A.
AU - Coleman, J.
AU - Colling, D.
AU - Conley, R. A.
AU - Cottle, A.
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AU - Craddock, W. W.
AU - Curran, D.
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AU - Dahl, C. E.
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AU - Dobson, J. E.Y.
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AU - Edberg, T. K.
AU - Edwards, W. R.
AU - Edwards, B. N.
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AU - Faham, C. H.
AU - Fan, A.
AU - Fayer, S.
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AU - Flaecher, H.
AU - Florang, I. M.Fogarty
AU - Ford, P.
AU - Francis, V. B.
AU - Fraser, E. D.
AU - Froborg, F.
AU - Fruth, T.
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AU - Gwilliam, C. B.
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AU - Jacobsen, R. G.
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AU - Johnson, M.
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AU - Jones, W. G.
AU - Kaboth, A. C.
AU - Kamaha, A.
AU - Kamdin, K.
AU - Kasey, V.
AU - Kazkaz, K.
AU - Keefner, J.
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AU - Khaleeq, M.
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AU - Khromov, A. V.
AU - Khurana, I.
AU - Kim, Y. D.
AU - Kim, W. T.
AU - Kocher, C. D.
AU - Kodroff, D.
AU - Konovalov, A. M.
AU - Korley, L.
AU - Korolkova, E. V.
AU - Koyuncu, M.
AU - Kras, J.
AU - Kraus, H.
AU - Kravitz, S. W.
AU - Krebs, H. J.
AU - Kreczko, L.
AU - Krikler, B.
AU - Kudryavtsev, V. A.
AU - Kumpan, A. V.
AU - Kyre, S.
AU - Lambert, A. R.
AU - Landerud, B.
AU - Larsen, N. A.
AU - Laundrie, A.
AU - Leason, E. A.
AU - Lee, H. S.
AU - Lee, J.
AU - Lee, C.
AU - Lenardo, B. G.
AU - Leonard, D. S.
AU - Leonard, R.
AU - Lesko, K. T.
AU - Levy, C.
AU - Li, J.
AU - Liu, Y.
AU - Liao, J.
AU - Liao, F. T.
AU - Lin, J.
AU - Lindote, A.
AU - Linehan, R.
AU - Lippincott, W. H.
AU - Liu, R.
AU - Liu, X.
AU - Loniewski, C.
AU - Lopes, M. I.
AU - Lopez-Asamar, E.
AU - Paredes, B. López
AU - Lorenzon, W.
AU - Lucero, D.
AU - Luitz, S.
AU - Lyle, J. M.
AU - Lynch, C.
AU - Majewski, P. A.
AU - Makkinje, J.
AU - Malling, D. C.
AU - Manalaysay, A.
AU - Manenti, L.
AU - Mannino, R. L.
AU - Marangou, N.
AU - Markley, D. J.
AU - MarrLaundrie, P.
AU - Martin, T. J.
AU - Marzioni, M. F.
AU - Maupin, C.
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AU - McKinsey, D. N.
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AU - Miller, E. H.
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AU - Murphy, A. St J.
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AU - Nehrkorn, C.
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AU - Nesbit, J.
AU - Neves, F.
AU - Nikkel, J. A.
AU - Nikoleyczik, J. A.
AU - Nilima, A.
AU - O’Dell, J.
AU - Oh, H.
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AU - O’Sullivan, K.
AU - Olcina, I.
AU - Olevitch, M. A.
AU - Oliver-Mallory, K. C.
AU - Oxborough, L.
AU - Pagac, A.
AU - Pagenkopf, D.
AU - Pal, S.
AU - Palladino, K. J.
AU - Palmaccio, V. M.
AU - Palmer, J.
AU - Pangilinan, M.
AU - Parveen, N.
AU - Patton, S. J.
AU - Pease, E. K.
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AU - Pereira, G.
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AU - Pierson, S.
AU - Powell, S.
AU - Preece, R. M.
AU - Pushkin, K.
AU - Qie, Y.
AU - Racine, M.
AU - Ratcliff, B. N.
AU - Reichenbacher, J.
AU - Reichhart, L.
AU - Rhyne, C. A.
AU - Richards, A.
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AU - Rischbieter, G. R.C.
AU - Rodrigues, J. P.
AU - Rose, H. J.
AU - Rosero, R.
AU - Rossiter, P.
AU - Rucinski, R.
AU - Rutherford, G.
AU - Saba, J. S.
AU - Sabarots, L.
AU - Santone, D.
AU - Sarychev, M.
AU - Sazzad, A. B.M.R.
AU - Schnee, R. W.
AU - Schubnell, M.
AU - Scovell, P. R.
AU - Severson, M.
AU - Seymour, D.
AU - Shaw, S.
AU - Shutt, G. W.
AU - Shutt, T. A.
AU - Silk, J. J.
AU - Silva, C.
AU - Skarpaas, K.
AU - Skulski, W.
AU - Smith, A. R.
AU - Smith, R. J.
AU - Smith, R. E.
AU - So, J.
AU - Solmaz, M.
AU - Solovov, V. N.
AU - Sorensen, P.
AU - Sosnovtsev, V. V.
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AU - Stark, M. R.
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AU - Sundarnath, K.
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AU - Tomás, A.
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AU - Tull, C. E.
AU - Turner, W.
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AU - Utes, M.
AU - Utku, U.
AU - Uvarov, S.
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AU - Verbus, J. R.
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AU - Wang, J. J.
AU - Wang, R.
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AU - While, M.
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AU - White, J. T.
AU - White, D. T.
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AU - Wisniewski, W. J.
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AU - Witherell, M. S.
AU - Wolfs, F. L.H.
AU - Wolfs, J. D.
AU - Woodward, D.
AU - Worm, S. D.
AU - Xiang, X.
AU - Xiao, Q.
AU - Xu, J.
AU - Yeh, M.
AU - Yin, J.
AU - Young, I.
AU - Zhang, C.
AU - Zarzhitsky, P.
N1 - Funding Information: The LZ collaboration lost one of its dedicated researchers this year and the father of low background assay at Berkeley Lab, Al Smith. For more than 60 years, he pursued low background assays and identification of materials in support of rare search experiments including CDMS, SNO, KamLAND, Daya Bay, KATRIN, Majorana Demonstrator, LUX, and LZ. We also wish to acknowledge the contributions from Emma Meehan at the Boulby Underground Laboratory for her help. The research supporting this work took place in whole or in part at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota. Funding for this work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Contract Numbers DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-SC0020216, DE-SC0012704, DE-SC0010010, DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-SC0012161, DE-SC0014223, DE-FG02-13ER42020, DE-SC0009999, DE-NA0003180, DE-SC0011702, DE-SC0010072, DE-SC0015708, DE-SC0006605, DE-FG02-10ER46709, UW PRJ82AJ, DE-SC0013542, DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-SC0019066, DE-AC52-07NA27344, & DE-SC0012447. This research was also supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF); the U.K. Science & Technology Facilities Council under award numbers, ST/M003655/1, ST/M003981/1, ST/M003744/1, ST/M003639/1, ST/M003604/1, and ST/M003469/1; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under award numbers PTDC/FIS-PAR/28567/2017; the Institute for Basic Science, Korea (budget numbers IBS-R016-D1); University College London and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory thank the U.K. Royal Society for travel funds under the International Exchange Scheme (IE141517). We acknowledge additional support from the STFC Boulby Underground Laboratory in the U.K., the GridPP Collaboration [, ], in particular at Imperial College London and additional support by the University College London (UCL) Cosmoparticle Initiative. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with the registration number SC005336. The assistance of SURF and its personnel in providing physical access and general logistical and technical support is acknowledged. Funding Information: The LZ collaboration lost one of its dedicated researchers this year and the father of low background assay at Berkeley Lab, Al Smith. For more than 60 years, he pursued low background assays and identification of materials in support of rare search experiments including CDMS, SNO, KamLAND, Daya Bay, KATRIN, Majorana Demonstrator, LUX, and LZ. We also wish to acknowledge the contributions from Emma Meehan at the Boulby Underground Laboratory for her help. The research supporting this work took place in whole or in part at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota. Funding for this work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics under Contract Numbers DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-SC0020216, DE-SC0012704, DE-SC0010010, DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-SC0012161, DE-SC0014223, DE-FG02-13ER42020, DE-SC0009999, DE-NA0003180, DE-SC0011702, DE-SC0010072, DE-SC0015708, DE-SC0006605, DE-FG02-10ER46709, UW PRJ82AJ, DE-SC0013542, DE-AC02-76SF00515, DE-SC0019066, DE-AC52-07NA27344, & DE-SC0012447. This research was also supported by U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF); the U.K. Science & Technology Facilities Council under award numbers, ST/M003655/1, ST/M003981/1, ST/M003744/1, ST/M003639/1, ST/M003604/1, and ST/M003469/1; Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under award numbers PTDC/FIS-PAR/28567/2017; the Institute for Basic Science, Korea (budget numbers IBS-R016-D1); University College London and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory thank the U.K. Royal Society for travel funds under the International Exchange Scheme (IE141517). We acknowledge additional support from the STFC Boulby Underground Laboratory in the U.K., the GridPP Collaboration [45 , 46], in particular at Imperial College London and additional support by the University College London (UCL) Cosmoparticle Initiative. This research used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported by the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with the registration number SC005336. The assistance of SURF and its personnel in providing physical access and general logistical and technical support is acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: © 2020, The Author(s).
PY - 2020/11
Y1 - 2020/11
N2 - LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above 1.4×10-48cm2 for a WIMP mass of 40GeV/c2 and a 1000days exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented.
AB - LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above 1.4×10-48cm2 for a WIMP mass of 40GeV/c2 and a 1000days exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85095740929&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85095740929&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8420-x
DO - 10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8420-x
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85095740929
SN - 1434-6044
VL - 80
JO - European Physical Journal C
JF - European Physical Journal C
IS - 11
M1 - 1044
ER -