TY - JOUR
T1 - The removal of perchlorate from groundwater by activated carbon tailored with cationic surfactants
AU - Parette, Robert
AU - Cannon, Fred S.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully acknowledge American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF), a DOE program (Consortium for Premium Carbon Products from Coal), and the City of Redlands, CA, for financial support that made this research possible. Also, USFilter Westates has provided in-kind funding. The authors also acknowledge the diligence of the East Valley Water District in advocating the funding for the AWWARF perchlorate research.
PY - 2005/10
Y1 - 2005/10
N2 - In rapid small-scale column tests, cationic surfactant-tailored activated carbons (ACs) effectively removed perchlorate to below detection levels for up to 30 times longer than virgin AC. By pre-loading bituminous AC with dicocodimethylammonium chloride, tallowtrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, or cetylpyridinium chloride, 75 ppb perchlorate was removed for 27,000-35,000 bed volumes before the effluent perchlorate rose above 1 ppb. These tests employed a natural groundwater that also contained 30 mg/L sulfate, 26 mg/L nitrate (as NO3-), and other ions. By the time of 25 ppb perchlorate breakthrough, 7.3-10.1% of quaternary ammonium sites had perchlorate associated with them. Although some of the surfactants leached out of the tailored carbon beds (0.6-21.2% of the amount loaded), the leached surfactant could be removed to below detectable limits with a virgin AC polishing bed that chased the tailored bed.
AB - In rapid small-scale column tests, cationic surfactant-tailored activated carbons (ACs) effectively removed perchlorate to below detection levels for up to 30 times longer than virgin AC. By pre-loading bituminous AC with dicocodimethylammonium chloride, tallowtrimethylammonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, or cetylpyridinium chloride, 75 ppb perchlorate was removed for 27,000-35,000 bed volumes before the effluent perchlorate rose above 1 ppb. These tests employed a natural groundwater that also contained 30 mg/L sulfate, 26 mg/L nitrate (as NO3-), and other ions. By the time of 25 ppb perchlorate breakthrough, 7.3-10.1% of quaternary ammonium sites had perchlorate associated with them. Although some of the surfactants leached out of the tailored carbon beds (0.6-21.2% of the amount loaded), the leached surfactant could be removed to below detectable limits with a virgin AC polishing bed that chased the tailored bed.
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U2 - 10.1016/j.watres.2005.07.024
DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2005.07.024
M3 - Article
C2 - 16129470
AN - SCOPUS:24944450640
SN - 0043-1354
VL - 39
SP - 4020
EP - 4028
JO - Water Research
JF - Water Research
IS - 16
ER -