The resurgence of Tuberculosis in the United States: Health implications, pathophysiological and clinical insights, emerging trends, strategic responses, and post-COVID-19 challenges

Objectives To address the challenges of tuberculosis (TB) control in the United States post-COVID-19, focusing on high-risk populations, current diagnostic and treatment strategies, and the importance of addressing clinical and social determinants of health to achieve TB elimination goals. Methods A review of the latest evidence-based guidelines and literature on TB diagnostics, treatment regimens, and latent TB infection (LTBI) management was conducted. Key public health challenges and interventions targeting socioeconomic disparities, stigma, and healthcare access among high-risk populations were analyzed. Results High-risk groups, including immigrants and ethnic minorities, continue to bear a disproportionate burden of TB due to socioeconomic disparities and comorbidities. Advancements in diagnostic modalities and treatment regimens offer promising outcomes, but gaps remain in LTBI screening and management. Addressing social determinants, such as healthcare access and stigma, is essential for enhancing TB control efforts. Discussion Effective TB elimination requires collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and communities to implement evidence-based strategies. Prioritizing both clinical precision and social interventions is critical for overcoming barriers and achieving national TB control and elimination goals.