@article{768c5dc25bab4bcba2a5712ded398352,
title = "The role of child negative emotionality in parenting and child adjustment: Gene–environment interplay",
abstract = "Background: Evocative gene–environment correlation (rGE) describes a process through which children{\textquoteright}s heritable characteristics influence their rearing environments. The current study examined whether heritable influences on parenting and children{\textquoteright}s behavioural outcomes operate through child negative emotionality. Method: Using data from the Early Growth and Development Study, we examined associations among adoptive parent reports of child anger and sadness at 4.5 years, adoptive parents{\textquoteright} hostile and warm parenting at 6 years and child behavioural problems and social competence at age 7. Birth parent temperament was included to test whether child effects on parents reflect evocative gene–environment correlation (rGE). Results: Child anger at 4.5 years evoked hostile parenting from adoptive parents at 6 years, which was subsequently related to child problem behaviours at 7 years. Evocative rGE effects were identified for adoptive parents{\textquoteright} hostile parenting. Conclusions: By employing a genetically informed design, we found that birth parent temperament was related to child negative emotionality. Adoptive parents were sensitive to child negative emotionality, and this sensitivity was linked to the child{\textquoteright}s later adjustment.",
author = "Shewark, {Elizabeth A.} and Ramos, {Amanda M.} and Chang Liu and Ganiban, {Jody M.} and Gregory Fosco and Shaw, {Daniel S.} and David Reiss and Natsuaki, {Misaki N.} and Leve, {Leslie D.} and Neiderhiser, {Jenae M.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number F31HD089584 and by funding from the National Institutes of Health and OBSSR (UG3/UH3 OD023389; R01 DK090264; NIDA R01 DA035062; R01 HD042608; NIMH R01 MH092118) as well as the Institute of Education Sciences (R305B090007). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The authors have declared that they have no competing or potential conflicts of interest. Key points Structural equation modeling results showed child anger at 4.5 years evoked hostile parenting from both adoptive parents at child age 6 years and was subsequently related to child problem behaviours at 7 years. Evocative rGE effects were identified for adoptive parents{\textquoteright} hostile parenting via child anger. The results highlight the importance of a longitudinal approach in understanding how heritable characteristics, child emotionality and parents impact children{\textquoteright}s later problem behaviours and social competencies. These findings are useful to help prevention and intervention efforts target the precursors to poor adjustment outcomes during middle childhood. Structural equation modeling results showed child anger at 4.5 years evoked hostile parenting from both adoptive parents at child age 6 years and was subsequently related to child problem behaviours at 7 years. Evocative rGE effects were identified for adoptive parents{\textquoteright} hostile parenting via child anger. The results highlight the importance of a longitudinal approach in understanding how heritable characteristics, child emotionality and parents impact children{\textquoteright}s later problem behaviours and social competencies. These findings are useful to help prevention and intervention efforts target the precursors to poor adjustment outcomes during middle childhood. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1111/jcpp.13420",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "62",
pages = "1453--1461",
journal = "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines",
issn = "0021-9630",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "12",
}