The structure of Precambrian crust in sub-Saharan Africa: An AfricaArray synthesis and review

We combine new estimates of crustal thickness and shear wave velocities from 48 broadband seismic stations in Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Uganda with previously published results to review and examine Precambrian crustal structure in sub-Saharan Africa for secular trends. The ensemble of crustal structure estimates used relies heavily on data obtained through the AfricaArray initiative, which is briefly reviewed. Whether or not Precambrian crustal structure exhibits notable changes from the Mesoarchean through the Neoproterozoic places a key constraint on continental crustal genesis and evolution. Our 48 new estimates of Moho depth and crustal shear wave velocity profiles, combined with results from similar previous studies, yield an average crustal thickness for all Precambrian terranes of 39 ± 4 km. We find that average crustal thicknesses are essentially identical for Mesoarchean (38 ± 3 km), Neoarchean (39 ± 4 km), Paleoproterozoic (40 ± 4 km), Mesoproterozoic (40 ± 4 km) and Neoproterozoic (39 ± 4 km) terranes. The average thickness of the mafic lower crust, identified by high velocity layering (Vs > 4.0 km/s), is also almost identical in Archean and Proterozoic terranes (7 ± 4 km and 6 ± 4 km, respectively). Finally, the average crustal shear wave velocities for all terranes fall within 1 standard deviation of a mean velocity of 3.7 km/s. These results are consistent with findings from other studies highlighting a lack of evidence for secular variation in crustal structure or composition within Precambrian terranes in sub-Saharan Africa, suggesting that secular trends, if they existed at the time of crust formation, have been obscured by crustal reworking during later orogenic and/or magmatic events.