@article{8d2d20ccaf3f420498461b215860b17c,
title = "The sub-energetic γ-ray burst GRB 031203 as a cosmic analogue to the nearby GRB 980425",
abstract = "Over the six years since the discovery of the γ-ray burst GRB 980425, which was associated with the nearby (distance ∼40 Mpc) supernova 1998bw, astronomers have debated fiercely the nature of this event. Relative to bursts located at cosmological distance (redshift z ≈ 1), GRB 980425 was under-luminous in γ-rays by three orders of magnitude. Radio calorimetry showed that the explosion was sub-energetic by a factor of 10. Here we report observations of the radio and X-ray afterglow of the recent GRB 031203 (refs 5-7), which has a redshift of z = 0.105. We demonstrate that it too is sub-energetic which, when taken together with the low γ-ray luminosity, suggests that GRB 031203 is the first cosmic analogue to GRB 980425. We find no evidence that this event was a highly collimated explosion viewed off-axis. Like GRB 980425, GRB 031203 appears to be an intrinsically sub-energetic γ-ray burst. Such sub-energetic events have faint afterglows. We expect intensive follow-up of faint bursts with smooth γ-ray light curves (common to both GRB 031203 and 980425) to reveal a large population of such events.",
author = "Soderberg, {A. M.} and Kulkarni, {S. R.} and E. Berger and Fox, {D. W.} and M. Sako and Frail, {D. A.} and A. Gai-Yam and Moon, {D. S.} and Cenko, {S. B.} and Yost, {S. A.} and Phillips, {M. M.} and Persson, {S. E.} and Freedman, {W. L.} and P. Wyatt and R. Jayawardhana and D. Paulson",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements GRB research at Caltech is supported in part by NSF and NASA. We are indebted to S. Barthelmy and the GCN. The VLA is operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. A.M.S. is supported by an NSF graduate research fellowship. A.G. acknowledges support by NASA through a Hubble fellowship grant. Funding Information: Acknowledgements This work is based on a Core Programme pointed observation (PI: S.Yu.S.) with INTEGRAL, an ESA project with instruments and science data centre funded by ESA member states (especially the PI countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain), Czech Republic and Poland, and with the participation of Russia and the USA. We thank M. Revnivtsev and E. Churazov for help in the data analysis, and S. Kulkarni for suggestions.",
year = "2004",
month = aug,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1038/nature02757",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "430",
pages = "648--650",
journal = "Nature",
issn = "0028-0836",
publisher = "Nature Research",
number = "7000",
}