@article{9b2e4bdbac364cfe884e402a2200f3d3,
title = "The thermal design, characterization, and performance of the Spider long-duration balloon cryostat",
abstract = "We describe the Spider flight cryostat, which is designed to cool six millimeter-wavelength telescopes during an Antarctic long-duration balloon flight. The cryostat, one of the largest to have flown on a stratospheric payload, uses liquid 4He to deliver cooling power to stages at 4.2 and 1.6 K. Stainless steel capillaries facilitate a high flow impedance connection between the main liquid helium tank and a smaller superfluid tank, allowing the latter to operate at 1.6 K as long as there is liquid in the 4.2 K main tank. Each telescope houses a closed cycle 3He adsorption refrigerator that further cools the focal planes down to 300 mK. Liquid helium vapor from the main tank is routed through heat exchangers that cool radiation shields, providing negative thermal feedback. The system performed successfully during a 17 day flight in the 2014-2015 Antarctic summer. The cryostat had a total hold time of 16.8 days, with 15.9 days occurring during flight.",
author = "Gudmundsson, {J. E.} and Ade, {P. A.R.} and M. Amiri and Benton, {S. J.} and Bock, {J. J.} and Bond, {J. R.} and Bryan, {S. A.} and Chiang, {H. C.} and Contaldi, {C. R.} and Crill, {B. P.} and O. Dore and Filippini, {J. P.} and Fraisse, {A. A.} and A. Gambrel and Gandilo, {N. N.} and M. Hasselfield and M. Halpern and G. Hilton and W. Holmes and Hristov, {V. V.} and Irwin, {K. D.} and Jones, {W. C.} and Z. Kermish and MacTavish, {C. J.} and Mason, {P. V.} and K. Megerian and L. Moncelsi and Montroy, {T. E.} and Morford, {T. A.} and Nagy, {J. M.} and Netterfield, {C. B.} and Rahlin, {A. S.} and Reintsema, {C. D.} and Ruhl, {J. E.} and Runyan, {M. C.} and Shariff, {J. A.} and Soler, {J. D.} and A. Trangsrud and C. Tucker and Tucker, {R. S.} and Turner, {A. D.} and Wiebe, {D. V.} and E. Young",
note = "Funding Information: S pider is supported in the U.S. by National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX07AL64G and NNX12AE95G issued through the Science Mission Directorate, with support for ASR from NESSF NNX10AM55H, and by the National Science Foundation through PLR-1043515. Logistical support for the Antarctic deployment and operations was provided by the NSF through the U.S. Antarctic Program. The collaboration is grateful for the generous support of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, which has been crucial to the success of the project. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.",
year = "2015",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.09.002",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "72",
pages = "65--76",
journal = "Cryogenics",
issn = "0011-2275",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}