Thermodynamic stabilization and electronic effects of oxygen vacancies at BiFeO₃neutral ferroelectric domain walls

Enhanced conductivity at ferroelectric domain walls in BiFeO₃has been widely observed, yet the microscopic origins of this effect, including electronic contributions from domain-wall defects, are incompletely understood at the atomistic level. Here, we carry out first-principles simulations to quantify the thermodynamic stability and electronic impact of oxygen vacancies at charge-neutral 71°, 109°, and 180° domain walls of BiFeO₃. We find that vacancies are energetically favored at domain walls by up to 0.3 eV relative to bulk, leading to orders-of-magnitude increase in vacancy equilibrium concentration. The corresponding formation energy landscapes are not smooth and explained by local bond weakening. The vacancies induce localized electronic intragap states corresponding to small polarons, which promote thermally activated n-type conduction in the low-current regime, and their tendency to aggregate facilitates Schottky emission in the high-current regime. Our results provide a quantitative foundation for interpreting domain-wall conduction, offer guidance for defect engineering in ferroelectrics, and provide important information for phase-field simulations of defect-domain wall interactions in ferroelectrics.