Two hybrid positioning system design techniques with lighting LEDs and ad-hoc wireless network

Two design techniques for more accurate and more convenient hybrid positioning system with visible light communication (VLC) and ad-hoc wireless network infrastructure are proposed, in order to overcome the problems of high estimation error, high cost, and limited service range of the conventional positioning techniques. First method is based on a non-carrier VLC based hybrid positioning technique for applications involving of low data rate optical sensing and narrow-range visible light reception from transmitter, and long-range positioning. The second method uses a 4 MHz carrier VLC-based hybrid positioning technique for a high data rate optical sensing and wide-range visible light receiving from transmitter, and midrange positioning applications. In indoor environments with obstacles where there are longrange 77.314m and mid-range 23.68m distances between an observer and a target respectively, the hybrid positioning systems developed with two design techniques are tested, and measured results are analyzed and presented in this paper.