Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements

Nathan D. Smith; Stephanie Castro Baldivieso; Timothy Lichtenstein; Sanghyeok Im; Hojong Kim

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92662-5_31

Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements

Nathan D. Smith, Stephanie Castro Baldivieso, Timothy Lichtenstein, Sanghyeok Im, Hojong Kim

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Electromotive force measurements were used to examine pure rare-earth reference electrodes (Nd, Gd) in molten chloride salts (LiCl-KCl-RECl₃) over a temperature range of T = 400–800 °C to determine the effects of disproportionation reactions (i.e., Nd + NdCl₃ → NdCl₂) and active metal dissolution on their longevity and stability. Several methods for developing and calibrating a stable two-phase Gd-Bi electrode were investigated including the use of a pure Gd metal reference electrode continuously submerged in the electrolyte, a pure Gd metal reference electrode intermittently dipped into the electrolyte, and a transient technique that deposited pure Gd onto an inert W wire. Electromotive force measurements were also employed to examine the lifetime of the two-phase alloy as the reference electrode in comparison to a pure rare-earth metal as the reference electrode. Pure rare-earth metal did not exhibit stability for more than 15 h, whereas two-phase Gd-Bi electrodes were found to be stable for over 24 days at T = 500–700 °C.

Original language	English (US)
Title of host publication	Rare Metal Technology, 2022
Editors	Takanari Ouchi, Gisele Azimi, Kerstin Forsberg, Hojong Kim, Shafiq Alam, Neale R. Neelameggham, Alafara Abdullahi Baba, Hong Peng
Publisher	Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Pages	325-332
Number of pages	8
ISBN (Print)	9783030926618
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92662-5_31
State	Published - 2022
Event	8th Symposium on Rare Metal Extraction and Processing held at the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2022 - Anaheim, United States Duration: Feb 27 2022 → Mar 3 2022

Publication series

Name	Minerals, Metals and Materials Series
Volume	Part F
ISSN (Print)	2367-1181
ISSN (Electronic)	2367-1696

Conference

Conference	8th Symposium on Rare Metal Extraction and Processing held at the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2022
Country/Territory	United States
City	Anaheim
Period	2/27/22 → 3/3/22

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Mechanics of Materials
Metals and Alloys
Materials Chemistry

Access to Document

10.1007/978-3-030-92662-5_31

Cite this

Smith, N. D., Baldivieso, S. C., Lichtenstein, T., Im, S., & Kim, H. (2022). Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements. In T. Ouchi, G. Azimi, K. Forsberg, H. Kim, S. Alam, N. R. Neelameggham, A. A. Baba, & H. Peng (Eds.), Rare Metal Technology, 2022 (pp. 325-332). (Minerals, Metals and Materials Series; Vol. Part F). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92662-5_31

Smith, Nathan D. ; Baldivieso, Stephanie Castro ; Lichtenstein, Timothy et al. / Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements. Rare Metal Technology, 2022. editor / Takanari Ouchi ; Gisele Azimi ; Kerstin Forsberg ; Hojong Kim ; Shafiq Alam ; Neale R. Neelameggham ; Alafara Abdullahi Baba ; Hong Peng. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022. pp. 325-332 (Minerals, Metals and Materials Series).

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title = "Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements",

abstract = "Electromotive force measurements were used to examine pure rare-earth reference electrodes (Nd, Gd) in molten chloride salts (LiCl-KCl-RECl3) over a temperature range of T = 400–800 °C to determine the effects of disproportionation reactions (i.e., Nd + NdCl3 → NdCl2) and active metal dissolution on their longevity and stability. Several methods for developing and calibrating a stable two-phase Gd-Bi electrode were investigated including the use of a pure Gd metal reference electrode continuously submerged in the electrolyte, a pure Gd metal reference electrode intermittently dipped into the electrolyte, and a transient technique that deposited pure Gd onto an inert W wire. Electromotive force measurements were also employed to examine the lifetime of the two-phase alloy as the reference electrode in comparison to a pure rare-earth metal as the reference electrode. Pure rare-earth metal did not exhibit stability for more than 15 h, whereas two-phase Gd-Bi electrodes were found to be stable for over 24 days at T = 500–700 °C.",

author = "Smith, {Nathan D.} and Baldivieso, {Stephanie Castro} and Timothy Lichtenstein and Sanghyeok Im and Hojong Kim",

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year = "2022",

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language = "English (US)",

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pages = "325--332",

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Smith, ND, Baldivieso, SC, Lichtenstein, T, Im, S & Kim, H 2022, Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements. in T Ouchi, G Azimi, K Forsberg, H Kim, S Alam, NR Neelameggham, AA Baba & H Peng (eds), Rare Metal Technology, 2022. Minerals, Metals and Materials Series, vol. Part F, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, pp. 325-332, 8th Symposium on Rare Metal Extraction and Processing held at the TMS Annual Meeting and Exhibition, 2022, Anaheim, United States, 2/27/22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92662-5_31

Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements. / Smith, Nathan D.; Baldivieso, Stephanie Castro; Lichtenstein, Timothy et al.
Rare Metal Technology, 2022. ed. / Takanari Ouchi; Gisele Azimi; Kerstin Forsberg; Hojong Kim; Shafiq Alam; Neale R. Neelameggham; Alafara Abdullahi Baba; Hong Peng. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022. p. 325-332 (Minerals, Metals and Materials Series; Vol. Part F).

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

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T1 - Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements

AU - Smith, Nathan D.

AU - Baldivieso, Stephanie Castro

AU - Lichtenstein, Timothy

AU - Im, Sanghyeok

AU - Kim, Hojong

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - Electromotive force measurements were used to examine pure rare-earth reference electrodes (Nd, Gd) in molten chloride salts (LiCl-KCl-RECl3) over a temperature range of T = 400–800 °C to determine the effects of disproportionation reactions (i.e., Nd + NdCl3 → NdCl2) and active metal dissolution on their longevity and stability. Several methods for developing and calibrating a stable two-phase Gd-Bi electrode were investigated including the use of a pure Gd metal reference electrode continuously submerged in the electrolyte, a pure Gd metal reference electrode intermittently dipped into the electrolyte, and a transient technique that deposited pure Gd onto an inert W wire. Electromotive force measurements were also employed to examine the lifetime of the two-phase alloy as the reference electrode in comparison to a pure rare-earth metal as the reference electrode. Pure rare-earth metal did not exhibit stability for more than 15 h, whereas two-phase Gd-Bi electrodes were found to be stable for over 24 days at T = 500–700 °C.

AB - Electromotive force measurements were used to examine pure rare-earth reference electrodes (Nd, Gd) in molten chloride salts (LiCl-KCl-RECl3) over a temperature range of T = 400–800 °C to determine the effects of disproportionation reactions (i.e., Nd + NdCl3 → NdCl2) and active metal dissolution on their longevity and stability. Several methods for developing and calibrating a stable two-phase Gd-Bi electrode were investigated including the use of a pure Gd metal reference electrode continuously submerged in the electrolyte, a pure Gd metal reference electrode intermittently dipped into the electrolyte, and a transient technique that deposited pure Gd onto an inert W wire. Electromotive force measurements were also employed to examine the lifetime of the two-phase alloy as the reference electrode in comparison to a pure rare-earth metal as the reference electrode. Pure rare-earth metal did not exhibit stability for more than 15 h, whereas two-phase Gd-Bi electrodes were found to be stable for over 24 days at T = 500–700 °C.

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Smith ND, Baldivieso SC, Lichtenstein T, Im S, Kim H. Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements. In Ouchi T, Azimi G, Forsberg K, Kim H, Alam S, Neelameggham NR, Baba AA, Peng H, editors, Rare Metal Technology, 2022. Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. 2022. p. 325-332. (Minerals, Metals and Materials Series). doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-92662-5_31

Two-Phase Rare-Earth Alloys as Reference Electrodes in Molten Chlorides for Reliable Electrochemical Measurements

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