Viral vectors for inducing CD8⁺ T cell responses

CD8⁺ T cells (T_CD8+) can mediate protective immunity to intracellular pathogens and tumours. Viruses generate strong T_CD8+ responses and, therefore, represent attractive vectors for generating vaccines aimed at producing T_CD8+-mediated protective immunity. This review will examine the immunological properties of viruses that make them good candidates as vaccine vectors, as well as the manipulations of both vector and antigen that may be required to produce an effective vaccine. The areas addressed include virus infection of dendritic cells in vivo, stimulation of the innate immune response via intracellular and extracellular pattern recognition receptors, the effect of antigenic form on the pathways of antigen presentation and the requirement for elimination of viral genes that target various aspects of the innate and adaptive immune response.