TY - JOUR
T1 - Who may frown and who should smile? Dominance, affiliation, and the display of happiness and anger
AU - Hess, Ursula
AU - Adams, Reginald B.
AU - Kleck, Robert E.
N1 - Funding Information:
Correspondence should be addressed to Ursula Hess, Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, CP 8888, station ``centre-ville'', Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada; e-mail: [email protected] This research was supported by a grant from the Fonds de Formation des Chercheurs et l'Aide aÁ la Recherche to Ursula Hess and by a Rockefeller Reiss Family Senior Faculty grant to Robert E. Kleck. We are grateful to Nadine Murard, and Nathalie Gauthier for help with the data collection.
Copyright:
Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2005/6
Y1 - 2005/6
N2 - Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the social stereotype that anger displays are more appropriate for men and smiling is requisite for women is based on the perception of men and women as more or less dominant or affiliative. The first study tested the mediation model that men are rated as more dominant and women as more affiliative and that expectations for men to show more anger and for women to smile more are partially mediated by this difference in perception. Second, a vignette approach was used to test the notion that these expectations translate into prescriptive social norms that are based on levels of perceived dominance and affiliation rather than sex per se. The results strongly support this hypothesis for dominance and provide partial confirmation for affiliation.
AB - Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the social stereotype that anger displays are more appropriate for men and smiling is requisite for women is based on the perception of men and women as more or less dominant or affiliative. The first study tested the mediation model that men are rated as more dominant and women as more affiliative and that expectations for men to show more anger and for women to smile more are partially mediated by this difference in perception. Second, a vignette approach was used to test the notion that these expectations translate into prescriptive social norms that are based on levels of perceived dominance and affiliation rather than sex per se. The results strongly support this hypothesis for dominance and provide partial confirmation for affiliation.
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U2 - 10.1080/02699930441000364
DO - 10.1080/02699930441000364
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:21244504611
SN - 0269-9931
VL - 19
SP - 515
EP - 536
JO - Cognition and Emotion
JF - Cognition and Emotion
IS - 4
ER -