Wind farm fluid mechanics for high-penetration wind energy

Advancements in aerodynamics during the early 20th century laid the foundation for modern wind energy. The increasing penetration of wind power presents novel challenges in fluid mechanics, which stem from an incomplete understanding of the dynamics of wind turbine wakes and their interactions with the atmospheric flow. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the mechanisms of wind turbine wakes and wake-atmosphere interactions. It summarizes existing models for wind turbine wakes and explores control strategies for mitigating wake losses and tracking power reference signals. Finally, it delves into research trends in the field and summarizes the review.